In the process of development, society in any field of activity has successively passed certain stages from manual labor to industrial high-tech production. First of all, efforts were aimed at facilitating physical labor. For many years, the information sector has been considered the domain of mental labor. Every year she demanded more labor resources. The creation of computers and information transfer networks contributed to the processes of the revolutionary plan in the field of informatization. This allowed the transition to the industrial level of tools and technologies. In our article, we will focus on basic information processes and technologies. Consider their varieties, features and functionality.
The concept of basic information technology
Information technology should be understood as a process that uses a set of techniques and tools for collecting, processing and subsequent data transfer in order to obtain information about the state of an object, phenomenon or process with fundamentally new qualitative characteristics. The purpose of basic and applied information technologies is the production of information. It is analyzed by a person, after which the latter takes the most advantageous decision related to the performance of an action.
A new stage in the development of basic IT
The introduction of PS in the information sphere and the use of telecommunication tools for communication - this is what determined a new stage in the development of basic knowledge of information technologies. It is interesting to note that today information technology has a “user-friendly” user interface. She uses telecommunication facilities and personal computers. The category of basic information technology is based on the following key principles:
- Interactive (interactive) mode of work with a personal computer.
- Integration with other software products.
- Extreme flexibility in the process of setting goals and changing data.
Consider the basic means of information technology. As a toolkit, the most common varieties of software products are used here. We are talking about word processors, spreadsheets, publishing systems, electronic calendars, database management systems, functional information systems.
Category classification
It is advisable to include the following types of basic information technologies:
- Information technology related to data processing. It is worth noting that it is designed to solve competently structured problems, the paths and algorithms for solving which are clearly known and to overcome which there is all the necessary data of the input plan. This technology is used, as a rule, in the performance of unskilled employees in order to automate some routine, constantly repeating operations of managerial work.
- The basic information technology of a managerial type is needed for information services to personnel of enterprises, which is associated with the adoption of basic decisions. In this case, the information is presented as regular or special reports of a managerial type and contains information about the possible future, present and past of the enterprise.
- The technology of an automated office is necessary to complement the existing communication system of employees of the structure. Office automation involves the organization and subsequent support of communication plan processes both within the company and with the external environment based on computer networks and other modern tools designed to transmit information and work with it.
- Basic information technology related to decision support is necessary for the development of managerial decisions based on the results of an iterative process, where the decision support system (this is the control object and the computing link) and the person (this control link that sets the input data) are involved and evaluates the result).
- The technology of expert systems is based on the use of artificial intelligence. It is worth noting that expert systems suggest that managers have the opportunity to receive consultations from leading experts on various issues about which these systems have accumulated knowledge.
Basic and applied information technologies
For a full understanding of basic technologies, it is advisable to consider them relatively applied. So, basic information technology is designed for almost any process. They are largely determined by the requirements of the so-called "architectural" level, in other words, the principles of von Neumann. It should be borne in mind that the processing of information that is heterogeneous in terms of form, which is represented by heterogeneous data, in any case determines the corresponding pool of tools and technologies. The latter are focused on the form of presentation of information and types of operations. This should include:
- number processing systems;
- technologies and systems for processing text information (text recognition systems, word processors);
- means of processing multimedia information (for example, vector or raster graphics, video, sound).
Typically, these technologies are implemented in the form of functionally oriented application products that are associated with the term “end-user technology”.
Types of Basic Technologies
To date, the following models of basic information technology are known:
- Multimedia technology.
- Information Security Technologies.
- Office automation.
- Telecommunication technologies.
- Information technology related to computer-aided design.
- Information technology in economics and industry.
- Artificial Intelligence.
- CASE technology.
- Information technology statistical plan.
- Geoinformation technologies.
- Information management technologies.
- Information educational technologies.
- Corporate technology. These basic information technologies are designed for organizational management.
- Accounting Information Systems (BISS).
Composition and structure of typical IT
It is important to note that the initial steps in the development of automated control systems showed that for several decades it was not possible to introduce standard automated control systems, since it was not possible to even more typify existing standard industrial enterprises. IT compares favorably enough in that it has a complex set of elements, the totality of which works regardless of the conditions of existence.
Consider the composition and structure of typical IT. Further, typical IT will be called basic when it focuses on a specific area of use. Basic IT generates models, methods, and tools for solving problems. It is created on the basis of standard hardware-software plan tools. It should be noted that Russian basic information technologies are subject to a specific goal. It is about solving functional problems in the corresponding subject area (tasks of design, control, testing, scientific experiment, and so on).
The input of the information technology of the plan under consideration, which is considered a system, receives a set of tasks for which basic solutions must be found in a specific time by means of tools and methods specific to IT. Let's analyze the application of basic IT at the logical, conceptual and physical levels.
Parsing
So, at the conceptual level of the basic technology of information systems, the ideology of a pre-automated solution to the challenges is set. It must be borne in mind that a typical sequence can be represented in the form of an algorithm. The initial stage is the statement of the problem. If this task relates to automated control, then it is considered a set of interconnected algorithms that provide control. By PP it is necessary to understand the meaningful characteristic of the problem: purpose, economic and mathematical model and methodology for solving, as well as information and functional relationship with other tasks. Documented, that is, in the methodological materials, the "Statement of the problem and the solution algorithm" is drawn up. At this stage, the correctness of the characteristics from the point of view of the indicated criteria is extremely important.
The next step is the formalization of the task. The development of a mathematical model is relevant here. If the latter is established, the next stage is the algorithmization of the problem. Under the algorithm, we should consider the process of converting data of the original type into the desired result in a certain number of steps.
The implementation of the algorithm based on specific computing tools is implemented at the stage of programming the task. This is a rather voluminous task, but it is usually implemented on the base information technology software. If there is a program, then tasks are solved and, of course, obtaining specific indicators for input type data and accepted restrictions.
What follows is nothing more than an analysis of the solution. Here you can refine the model of formalizing tasks. It is worth noting that the stages of setting and formalizing tasks are considered the most creative, complex and voluminous. Under the concept of the initial task lies a deep understanding of the processes taking place in the subject area.
In the context of the technology under consideration, a global task should be understood as the development of a domain model. In the process of implementing IT, you can often meet poorly formalized tasks. Here expert plan systems come to the rescue. They are based on the knowledge of leading experts in the subject field. The developer of such systems collects all existing methods for formalizing a specific task. The user is the recipient of the solution options. This process is called IT design automation.
Applied Technology
The main objective of applied technology is the rational organization of some kind of information process. This is realized through adaptation to the specific use of one or a number of typical information technologies, which allow the best way to implement individual fragments of the whole process. So, the key scientific problems in the field of applied technology research are the following:
- Development of methods for analysis, optimization and synthesis of applied inf. technology.
- Development of design theory inf. technologies of different types and diverse practical purposes.
- Development of methods for the comparative assessment of different options for creating information technology in quantitative terms.
- Formation of requirements for hardware and software tools for automating the processes of implementing information technologies.
Consider an example of applied technology
For example, the work of a specialist in the credit department of a banking institution using computers in one way or another involves the use of a combination of banking-type technologies designed to assess the creditworthiness of a borrower, create an urgent obligation and a loan agreement, calculate a payment schedule and other technologies implemented in a particular information technology: word processor, DBMS and so on. The transformation of providing IT in its pure form into a functional one (that is, a modification of commonly used tools to special ones) can be done both by the designer and directly by the user. The layout depends on whether such a transformation is complicated, in other words, on how accessible it is to the user. The presented opportunities are expanding more and more, since the supporting technologies are becoming more friendly every year.
Final part
So, we fully examined the main aspects of the category of basic information technologies. It turned out that the main functions of modern information technologies in the management plan are the following procedures: search, collection, processing, storage of data, development of new information, as well as solving problems of the optimization type. At the same time, the urgent task is not only to automate regularly recurring, time-consuming, in a word, routine operations for processing a whole data pool, but also through this processing to obtain new information in principle, which is necessary for making the most effective decisions regarding management.
It is worth remembering that in any case, the creation of information technologies is preceded by a detailed analysis and examination of the management object, as well as management tasks and structure, the content of information and its flows. Based on this analysis, an information model for managing the structure is developed, which fixes the connection between data processing tasks and new information flows. Then the choice of technical tools is implemented and the corresponding IT is developed.