Ivankovo Reservoir - a reservoir in the Upper Volga, located on the border of the Tver and Moscow regions. It was built in 1936 with the aim of regulating the drain, irrigation and providing fresh water to the city of Moscow. It is a popular place for recreation and fishing.
Historical reference
The history of the Ivankovo reservoir and its associated canal. Moscow rooted in the distant past. The idea of connecting Moscow to the Volga by water has been around for a long time. But only under Peter I the first attempt was made to implement an ambitious project. Engineer Genin developed a detailed work plan, but the death of the king prevented its implementation.
In 1825, a second attempt was made to lay a canal. For 17 years, thousands of civilian soldiers and soldiers have been digging the channel of the future water artery with shovels and picks. When the work was almost completed, Tsar Nicholas I to the surprise of the public ordered to close the project. The reason for this was the construction of a new type of transport - the railway. The autocrat was afraid that the opening of the canal would lead to the bankruptcy of only the nascent railway industry.
Construction
However, the idea of connecting the Oksko-Moscow and Volzhsky river basins into a single network was too attractive to be abandoned. In the early 1930s, the Soviet government returned to this topic. It was a fundamental decision that the channel (later named after Moscow) - to be!
However, in order to maintain the required water level in the water artery, it was necessary to build a reservoir. He was called Ivankovsky by the name of the village of Ivankovo, near which a dam and waterworks were built. Now the city of Dubna is spread here.
The construction of the canal began in 1932, the reservoir - in the winter of 1934. Unlike tsarist times, it took the builders a little more than two years to expand and deepen the channel, to build powerful dams, dams and hydraulic structures. The launch of locks in a festive atmosphere took place on March 23, 1937, and by mid-April, water completely filled the channel of the canal. It took several years to fill the Ivankovo reservoir.
Specifications
Today, the Moscow Sea (the unofficial name of the reservoir formed) is 110-130 km long and 2-5 km wide. Dimensions depend on the features of the relief, seasons, weather conditions and technical characteristics of the dam regulating the flow. The longest recorded length was 133 km. During periods of drought or after a complete discharge of water (carried out once every 10-20 years), the size decreases by 3-5 times. With an average depth of Ivankovo reservoir of 4 meters (maximum - 19 m), its water volume exceeds 1 km 3 , reaching 1120 million m 3 in the flood.
The reservoir consists of three main sections - reaches:
- Ivankovsky (Lower Volga). The maximum area of a water mirror during flood is 141 km 2, and the minimum (during drought or discharge) is 46 km 2 .
- Shoshinsky: the maximum area is 112 km 2 , the minimum is 9 km 2 .
- Volzhsky: maximum - 74 km 2 , minimum - 35 km 2 .
The latter in the scientific literature is sometimes divided into the Middle Volga and Upper Volga reaches.
Relief
Before the construction of the reservoir, the region was characterized by a large variety of terrain. Lowlands alternated with hills and moraine ridges left by glaciers. After the flooding of the territory, more than three hundred islands were formed, the number and size of which vary depending on the water level. Most of the islands are uninhabited and have become home to waterfowl. Large ones have dispensaries, rest homes, fishing and tourist centers.
At 48% of the reservoir, the water column does not exceed two meters, but in places there are 5-15-meter pits and depressions. The greatest depth is observed in the area of the dam and the old Volga riverbed. According to fishing reports on the Ivankovo reservoir, the best places for catching large fish are located here.
Since dredgers were used in its construction in some areas, the bottom of the reservoir has a complex relief. The situation is aggravated by the remains of buildings of flooded villages and cities, forest felling, which remained under water. According to archival data, 106 settlements are flooded. These places attract underwater fishing enthusiasts, but extreme caution is required. Cases of death of divers who are hooked on driftwood and elements of business buildings are not rare.
Features
A variety of bottom sediments - from sandy and rocky to silty and overgrown with aquatic vegetation - contributes to the formation of rich ichthyofauna. The weak current favors the development of sailing , rowing disciplines, does not interfere with fishing from boats.
Due to the weak watercourse, fishing on the Ivankovo reservoir with the help of spinning rods is popular: spinners, wobblers, silicone and other baits are not demolished by the current. The most desirable to capture (due to its size and abundance) are predatory fish of the following species:
- Perch (Perca fluviatilis), average size - 30 cm.
- Sudak (Sander lucioperca), p. R. - 45 cm.
- Bersh (Stizostedion volgensis Lucioperca volgensis), p. R. - 35 cm.
- Asp (Aspius aspius), average size - 45 cm.
- Pike (Esox lucius), p. R. - 50 cm.
Ivankovsky reach
The most interesting for fishermen is the lower section of the reservoir:
- Firstly, it is located closer to others to Moscow.
- Secondly, transport links are better developed here. You can get here by large motorways connecting the capital with Tver and St. Petersburg, by train, by water along the channel named after Moscow.
- Thirdly, since 1964, its waters have been used for cooling heat exchangers and steam condensers at Konakovskaya State District Power Plant. Even in winter, warm water is discharged into the Moshkovichi Bay of the Lower Volga Region, significantly increasing the thermal regime uncharacteristic of these latitudes.
Experts equate the heated part of the reach to the reservoirs of the southern part of Russia. Due to the increased temperature regime, the growing season is increased by an average of two months, which is of great importance for the life of fish, especially herbivores.
Feed base
As is known, the productivity of ichthyofauna directly depends on the quantity and diversity of the food supply. Zoobenthos of the reservoir is represented by 68 species of invertebrates. The most common are spheriums, toothless, pisidiums, chironomids, zebra mussels. About 40 forms of zooplankton were found. As in many neighboring reservoirs, rotifers dominate here. The average annual production of plankton is in the range of 1.3-4.5 g / m 3 .
Aquatic vegetation covers a significant part of the Ivankovo reservoir. 42% of the bottom is overgrown with hornwort, reed, teloresis, pond, horsetail and other aquatic plants. The average long-term production of algae is 4-6 g / m 3 .
Species diversity
Unfortunately, the construction of dams and hydraulic structures does not promote the circulation and migration of fish. As a result, the bioproduction potential of the reservoir is not being used effectively enough. The ichthyofauna of the reservoir is characterized by a small number of commercial valuable fish species. The predominant are bream, silver bream, roach, rudd, and Verkhovka. The number of predators is not large, the most widespread is the perch.
According to experts, the last decade of fishing ranges from 200-450 tons. The total fish productivity, taking into account the amateur and commercial catch, is about 20 kg / ha.
The greatest weight in the catch is made up of white fish species, the undisputed favorites of which are roach and bream. The latter, due to the ruin of the cooperatives and the reduction of its production, has greatly expanded and, as a result, it has been crushed, actually turning into a weedy small-sized fish. A lot of perch, but it is also small: the weight rarely exceeds 200 grams. However, in the dumps and in the old channel, the so-called humpbacks live, reaching 600-800 g. Ruffs, bleak, and husters are also quite common. Valuable prey is considered to be pike perch, pike, catfish, tench, common carp, carp, sabrefish, ide, asp, as well as acclimatized silver carp and grass carp.
Fishing features
Open water fishing on the Ivankovo reservoir is quite typical for ponds of this type. All known fishing methods and methods are used:
- fishing rod;
- bottom gear;
- plug rod;
- spinning reel;
- fly fishing;
- from the shore;
- using watercraft;
- spearfishing.
Given the significant area of the reservoir (average value - 327 km 2 ), fishing with boats and boats equipped with GPS sounders and chart plotters gives good results. Promising places are the confluence of streams and rivers into the reservoir, the largest of which are Donkhovka, Inyuha, Doybitsa, Soz, Shosha and the Volga itself. Among the features it should be noted a longer season in the Lower Volga reach. The region has a well-developed network of boat stations, there are many fishing bases.
Winter fishing on the Ivankovo reservoir is most promising in the area of wintering pits (if fishing is not prohibited), 7-9-meter dumps and along the old Volga channel, now under water. The main trophies during the freezing period are perch, ruff, scavenger, roach. Large fish rarely bite. The most successful and experienced fishermen "raise" kilogram bream and pike perch, 500-800-gram humpback perches.
Ice on the Ivankovo reservoir usually begins in the second half of November and lasts until March-April. Its thickness can exceed 1 meter. It should not be forgotten that in the Moshkovichsky Bay area it may be unreliable due to the higher water temperature.