TL431 is an integrated zener diode. In the circuit, it plays the role of a voltage reference source. The presented element is used, as a rule, in power supplies. The device at the zener diode is quite simple. In total, the model uses three outputs. Depending on the modification, up to ten transistors can be located in the case. A distinctive feature of the TL431 is its good thermal stability.
2.48 V switching circuit
At the zener diode TL431, the switching circuit for 2.48 V has a single-stage converter. On average, the operating current in the system reaches a level of 5.3 A. Resistors for signal transmission can be used with different voltage conductivity. The accuracy of stabilization in these devices varies around 2%.
To increase the sensitivity of the zener diode, various modulators are used. As a rule, it is precisely the dipole type that is selected. On average, their capacitance is not more than 3 pF. However, in this case, much depends on the current conductivity. To reduce the risk of overheating of the elements, expanders are used. Zener diodes are connected through the cathode.
Turning on the 3.3 V device
At the zener diode TL431, the 3.3V switching circuit implies the use of a single-stage converter. Resistors for transmitting a pulse are used of a selective type. Even at the zener diode TL431, the 3.3 volt switching circuit has a small-capacity modulator. To reduce the risk of short circuits, fuses are used. They are usually installed behind the zener diodes.
To amplify the signal can not do without filters. On average, the threshold voltage fluctuates around 5 watts. The operating current of the system is not more than 3.5 A. As a rule, the stabilization accuracy does not exceed 3%. It is also important to note that the zener diode can be connected via a vector adapter. In this case, the transistor is selected resonant type. On average, the modulator capacitance should be 4.2 pF. Thyristors are used both phase and open type. To increase current conductivity, triggers are needed.
To date, these elements are equipped with amplifiers of different capacities. On average, the threshold voltage in the system is reached 3.1 watts. The operating current indicator fluctuates around 3.5 A. It is also important to consider the output impedance. The presented parameter is required to be no more than 80 ohms.
Connection to a circuit of 14 V
For the zener diode TL431, the 14V switching circuit implies the use of a scalar converter. On average, the threshold voltage is 3 watts. As a rule, the operating current does not exceed 5 A. In this case, the permissible overload fluctuates around 4 Ah. Also, the zener diode TL431 has a 14V switching circuit with amplifiers of both single-pole and bipolar type. In order to improve conductivity, a tetrode cannot be dispensed with. It can be used with one or two filters.
A Series Zener Diodes
For power supplies and inverters, the A TL431 series are used. How to check if the element is connected correctly? In fact, this can be done using a tester. The threshold resistance must be 80 ohms. The device is capable of working through single-stage and vector type converters. In this case, the resistors are used with a lining.
If we talk about the parameters, then the rated voltage of the circuit does not exceed 5 watts. In this case, the operating current fluctuates around 3.4 A. To reduce the risk of transistor overheating, extenders are used. For Series A models, they are only suitable for a switched type. Powerful modulators are needed to increase the sensitivity of the device. On average, the output impedance parameter does not exceed 70 ohms.
CLP Series Devices
The zener diode TL431 switching circuit has single-stage converters. You can meet the CLP model both in inverters and in many household devices. The threshold voltage of the zener diode fluctuates around 3 watts. The direct working current is 3.5 A. The stabilization accuracy of the elements does not exceed 2.5%. Different types of modulators are used to adjust the output signal. Triggers in this case are selected with amplifiers.
Zener Diodes ACLP Series
Zener diodes TL431 switching circuit has vector or scalar converters. If we consider the first option, then the level of the operating current is not more than 4 A. In this case, the stabilization accuracy is approximately 4%. Triggers, as well as thyristors, are used to amplify the signal.
If we consider the connection diagram with a scalar converter, then modulators are used with a capacitance of about 6 pF. Directly transistors are used resonant type. To enhance the signal, conventional triggers are suitable. It is also important to note that the sensitivity indicator of the device fluctuates around 20 mV.
AC Models
For dipole inverters, Chery AC Zener diodes TL431 are often used. How to check the operation of the connected element? This can be done using a conventional tester. The output resistance parameter must be no more than 70 ohms. It is also important to note that devices of this series are connected via a vector converter.
In this case, scalar modifications are not suitable. This is largely due to the low threshold of current conductivity. It is also important to note that the rated voltage does not exceed 4 watts. The operating current in the circuit is maintained at 2 A. Various thyristors are used to reduce heat loss. To date, expansion and phase modifications are available.
Models with housing KT-26
In household appliances, TL431 zener diodes are often found with the KT-26 case. The inclusion scheme involves the use of dipole modulators. They are produced with different current conductivity. The ultimate sensitivity parameter of the system fluctuates around 430 mV.
Directly output resistance reaches no more than 70 ohms. Triggers in this case are used only with amplifiers. To reduce the risk of short circuits, open and closed filters are used. The zener diode is directly connected through the cathode.
Case KT-47
TL431 (stabilizer) with a housing KT-47 can be found in power supplies of various capacities. An element inclusion scheme involves the use of vector converters. The modulator for circuits is suitable for capacities up to 4 pF. The direct output impedance of the devices is approximately 70 ohms. To improve the conductivity of the zener diodes, only beam-type tetrodes are used. As a rule, stabilization accuracy does not exceed 2%.
For 5 V power supplies
In 5 V power supplies, the TL431 is switched on through amplifiers with different current conductivity. Directly converters are used single-stage type. Also, in some cases, vector modifications are applied. The average output impedance is about 90 ohms. The stabilization accuracy in devices is 2%. Expanders for blocks are used both switched and open type. Triggers can only be used with filters. Today they are produced with one and several elements.
Wiring diagram for 10 V units
The zener diode inclusion circuit in the power supply unit implies the use of a single-stage or vector converter. If we consider the first option, then the modulator is selected with a capacitance of 4 pF. In this case, the trigger is used only with amplifiers. Sometimes filters are used to increase the sensitivity of the zener diode. The threshold voltage of the circuit is on average 5.5 watts. The operating current of the system fluctuates around 3.2 A.
The stabilization parameter, as a rule, does not exceed 3%. If we consider a circuit with a vector converter, then we can not do without a transceiver. It can be used either open or chromatic type. The modulator is installed with a capacitance of 5.2 pF. The expander is quite rare. In some cases, it is able to increase the sensitivity of the zener diode. However, it is important to consider that the heat loss of an element increases significantly.
Circuit for 15 V blocks
The TL431 zener diode is connected via a 15 V block using a single-stage converter. In turn, the modulator is suitable with a capacitance of 5 pF. Resistors are used exclusively selective type. If we consider modifications with triggers, then the threshold voltage parameter does not exceed 3 watts. The stabilization accuracy is in the region of 3%. Filters for the system are suitable for both open and closed type.
It is also important to note that an expander can be installed in the circuit. To date, models are produced mainly in the switched type. For versions with transceivers, the current conductivity does not exceed 4 microns. In this case, the sensitivity indicator of the zener diode fluctuates around 30 mV. The output impedance reaches approximately 80 ohms.
For car inverters
For automotive inverters , the AC series Zener diodes TL431 are often used. The inclusion circuit in this case involves the use of two-digit triodes. Direct filters are applied open type. If we consider circuits without an expander, then the threshold voltage fluctuates around 10 watts.
The direct operating current is 4 A. The system overload parameter is allowed at 3 mA. If we consider modifications with expanders, then in this case high-capacity modulators are installed. Resistors are used as a standard selective type.
In some cases, amplifiers of different power are used. The threshold voltage parameter, as a rule, does not exceed 12 watts. The output impedance of the system can range from 70 to 80 ohms. The stabilization accuracy is about 2%. The operating current of the systems is not more than 4.5 A. Directly connecting the zener diodes occurs through the cathode.