The designs and types of bullets have a huge variety of options. This provides a reliable defeat of any animal belonging to hunting at a normal distance for this method. Types of bullets by lethal qualities are classified according to their design features. First of all, this refers to the division into two very unequal parts: the non-expansive bullets belong to the smaller, and the expansive to the larger. The first without deformation or damage upon contact, and the second - shape-changing, changing diameter, which thus cause lethal damage to the animal’s body.
Design
All modern types of bullets are built in approximately the same way: the main components of each are the core and the shell. The shell is most often made of thin steel, however, metals of various hardness, even copper or cupronickel, can be used. The steel shell is almost always planked with copper to reduce friction. The core is always lead, the hardness of which can vary. Non-expansive types of bullets are made with a shell of greater strength and thickness, otherwise the lead core is deformed when it hits the target. The shape of such bullets can be different - from pointed and rounded to a flat head. The expansive types of bullets for a shotgun are even more diverse in form, but all with a mandatory attribute: the main shell of the bullet head must be opened.
When a bullet enters an animal, the contact of the soft core makes it easier to contact the soft tissues that deform the core, which, destroying the shell, also deforms the bullet, due to which it significantly increases in its front part. Sometimes this function takes on a special wedge, similar to a cap, which covers the opened cone of the shell. There are other ways to accomplish this task of increasing the wound channel relative to the true caliber of the bullet. In the photo you can see the design by which all kinds of bullets for rifled weapons are made. This is the bottom, leading, animating parts, the groove of the housing for its hardening, the groove securing the bullet in the sleeve, the shell is the leading edge, and the lead core is output.
Types, Types, Categories
Design features that determine the nature and conditions of a bullet’s deformation upon impact, subdivide them into types with a specific name for each. It is enough to look through catalogs and other print publications to understand what types of hunting bullets belong to which types. Most often they join one or another enlarged category. For example, half-shell can be called all bullets that have a shell with any material covered or open access to the core with an incomplete shell.
In practice, the so-called types of rifled bullets, where the core is flush with the edges of the shell or extends beyond its edges in the head part. Opened shells with different cavities in the core or between it and the shell are called either expansive or have a specific name. Next, types of smoothbore bullets, as well as for rifled weapons, pneumatics and pistols, will be considered and described by name with valid abbreviations given in most catalogs. All over the world, the English and German systems of such designations are accepted.
Types of bullets 12 caliber
Today, hunters provide ammunition with plastic, paper and metal shells. They are equipped with smokeless and smoky gunpowder. There are types of bullets 12 gauge, determined by the type of charge: a bullet, buckshot or shot. Both standard cartridges and with an increased charge of gunpowder are used. Inside can be placed steel or lead shot. Hunting shot cartridges have a sleeve of 89, 76, 70 and 65 millimeters long. Card and bullet ones - only 76, 70 and 65. For hunting waterfowl, a small forest animal and game, a fraction from number 12 (one and a half millimeters) to number 0000 (five millimeters) is used. Cartridges with a fraction are divided by numbers according to the size of the equipment. Long distances are overcome by cartridges of increased pressure - such as "Magnum". Like lead, steel shot is often used.
Cartridge cartridge is needed for hunting a small beast, buckshot can be agreed upon or not, and the size of the fraction is also determined by its diameter. Here the fraction is more than five millimeters. A bullet cartridge is necessary in the hunt for a large beast. Types of bullets for 12-gauge smooth-bore weapons: round, arrow-shaped, with stabilizer tail, turbine (using an oncoming air stream), arrow-turbine in shape. The marking of 12 gauge cartridges is distinguished by the inscription, which contains a brief description and basic information about the cartridge: hunting (purpose), what type of gunpowder, what size of caliber, what length of cartridge case, what number of shot. Drawings on the sleeve may or may not be available if the cartridge is intended for sale in the Russian Federation. Registration for export is made at the request of the customer. But the fraction number is always indicated - always.
Rating: types of bullets (photo)
The rating is based on the reviews of seasonally practicing and professional hunters, and it concerns only 12-caliber bullets.
- The leader is Glavpatron (Tula) - reliable, stable, high-quality, affordable.
- In second place is Tekhkrim CJSC (Izhevsk) - a huge selection, excellent quality.
- The third step in the cartridges of the brand "Rus" (Tolyatti) - domestic components, affordable.
- In fourth place, the Taiga cartridges (again Tula) are good and equipped with a bullet, and with a shot (for a short range).
- In addition, hunters note the good quality of the Magnum cartridges, which are designed for fractions of large and medium numbers with a weight of from forty to forty-four grams.
Hit the target is ensured with minimal recoil during the shot. Recommended for heavy guns. Cartridges are used for small-sized game - hare, fox, capercaillie, goose. Quite popular ammunition 12 gauge "SCM" made from materials of the most famous foreign manufacturers. The highest quality gunpowder is used. Hunting necessarily provides for correlation of game and number of fractions. For example, black grouse, woodcock, duck for 30-40 meters will require a fraction of the fifth, sixth or seventh number. Shotguns with a chamber of 70 millimeters in size can use Tahoe cartridges with a fraction of the ninth, seventh and fifth numbers.
Pneumatics
The types of bullets for pneumatics are not so numerous. However, they are currently sold a huge number and in full assortment. The most common form of a subsonic bullet is Diablo, which looks like a shuttle. She has a heavy head and a light skirt, due to which the bullet rotates and stabilizes the flight. The friction inside the barrel is small, which increases the efficiency of weapon pneumatics. For powerful rifles, bullets are used that are close in shape to gunshots, transonic speeds and a high ballistic coefficient are obtained. Pneumatics also works great for holidays and entertainment: light-noise bullets, armor-piercing bullets and the like.
A bullet of large diameter is much better cut inside the barrel, they are stabilized, almost without losing air through the grooves of the channels. They are designed for powerful rifles. It all depends on the barrel, specifically for each selected bullets. Weak pneumatics will not accelerate a heavy bullet, and a light bullet on powerful pneumatics will instantly lose speed or accuracy will lose at supersonic speed. Types of pistol bullets differ from rifle bullets only in quantity. Firstly, these are the lightest bullets. This is either balls of 0.35 g for a smoothbore weapon, or bullets for a rifled. Large-caliber pneumatics require special cartridges, then it will be possible to hunt ungulates. Types of bullets for smoothbore weapons will be discussed below in more detail.
Weapon Supplies Examples
- Kupfer Teilmantel Flachkopf (KTF) - a semi-shell bullet with a flat top, a copper shell and a lead core. When hit, the lead is exposed, flattened, slightly pressing into the shell, turns it around, due to which the bullet becomes larger in diameter. The thicker shell in the lower half prevents the complete destruction of the bullet. The cartridge for this powerful bullet is not needed. Used for combined weapons.
- Teilmantel spitz (TMS) - also a half-shell bullet, with exposed lead in the head. Bullet nose is relatively sharp, slightly rounded. A knurled belt divides the bullet into two parts, where the front is shorter than the rear. The thin shell of the front is deformed, and the thicker shell of the rear of the bullet remains unchanged. This stock is good when shooting long distances. Deformation depends on the speed of impact.
- Vollmantel (VM) is completely encapsulated; under normal conditions, it does not collapse. This bullet has maximum penetrating ability, and a wound without major tissue damage. It is offered for medium and small caliber weapons and hunting for small game.
- D-Mantel (DM) - with a double shell of the back, that is, an expansive action bullet. Inside, steel, in front open, thin in the head, core with a cone-shaped recess, gradually turning into a cylindrical one. This bullet with a reverse cone, which means that when it hits the tissue, it is as if pressed into a void, destroying the front part, which takes the form of a mushroom and increases in diameter. The double shell of the back remains intact. The excellent slaughter of such a bullet allows you to hunt large animals, it is used at close range for bullets of large and medium caliber.
In addition to the above, bullets Teilmantel Rundkopf, Kegelspitz, (HP), Starkmantel, Torpedo Ideal Geschoss, Torpedo Universal Geschoss, H-Mantel Bleispitz, HMkH, VMS, VMR, DKK, Vulkan, Forex, Plast, Mega, Alaska, Silvertip, Torpedospitz, Nosler, PL, PLPCL, PSP Core Lokt-CL, Power Lokt, Core Lokt, SF, Hammerhead.
Specifications
Most of the types of bullets presented here (and the most common) belong to their expansive half. They have external and constructive differences, but still have more in common. The front part is deformed for everyone in order to increase the diameter of the wound channel, all have the back bullet part, which keeps the bullet from destruction and helps to penetrate deep into the tissue. The only exception is the specialized, for thick-skinned animals, TUG bullet, which is designed so as not to form when hit by fragments and not to reduce thus the penetration ability.
For long-range shooting, pointed bullets to overcome air resistance, thus maintaining speed (here, the cone also plays a large role). For medium and short distances, bullets are made differently: they have an open void in the head and flat rounded peaks near the lead exposure. Types of smoothbore bullets are also quite diverse. First of all, this is the Polev bullet, one of the most popular in all the CIS countries and the former USSR. Bullet arrow type with a striking element associated with a plastic tail. The head part has a container, also plastic, which improves obturation properties. There are several options for making such a bullet.
Cartridge calibres for rifled guns
A gauge is the distance between cuts, often matching the diameter of a bullet. It is in this dependence that weapons are classified - small-caliber, conventional caliber and large-caliber. The first to six and a half millimeters, the second from six and a half to nine, and the third from nine to twenty millimeters. Above this, weapons are already artillery. Today there are hunting rifles with a rifled barrel, depending on the size of the bullet.
So, in the USA, the caliber is still determined in inches (its hundredths), and in England - in thousandths of an inch. Therefore, the "cinematic" forty-fifth caliber is interpreted as 0.45 or 0.450. In Russia, a gauge is preceded by a dot just before this notation: .45 or .450, but more often an integer is used - the 45th caliber. Sometimes cartridges receive a special designation for complete clarity of the picture: Super, .357 or Colt, .45. In the 30s of the last century, the designations of the caliber slightly changed, the inches were replaced by millimeters.
Cartridge calibres for smoothbore guns
Gauges of hunting weapons without cutting the barrel, which are called smooth-bore, are determined very differently. The size here can correspond only to the number of round bullets from a pound of lead that can be put into a gun. Moreover, the condition that the bullets will be the same, even, spherical in shape must be taken into account. This means that the caliber of the cartridges is inversely proportional to the indicated number in the hunting rifles. The twentieth caliber, for example, is less than the tenth, and the sixteenth is less than the twelfth.
When designating a caliber for any weapon (both smooth-bore and rifled), it is necessary to indicate the length of the sleeve, otherwise it will be difficult to accurately select a cartridge of a certain type for a particular weapon. In the modern world, a hunter has a real expanse - there are a lot of cartridges of the most diverse caliber. However, the most popular of them is the twelfth caliber, since it was ideally suited for hunting not the largest, but not the smallest beast and bird. Less commonly required are the fourth, tenth, thirty-second calibers, because their use only requires strictly defined game, narrow hunting specialization.
On a large beast
There are not many chances to shoot big game for an amateur. Cartridges equipped with heavy hunting bullets are required individually for each barrel, since there are certain tolerances. Trunks of even one caliber are very different: the muzzle constrictions are different, and the diameters of the channel in the trunks, and the inputs for shells. A large beast needs a large gun, and a good bullet. Moreover, the hunter is obliged to equip all the cartridges for his own weapons with his own hands. Especially if he was going to go to a large beast.
The guarantee of safety in the use of cartridges is given by factories only if the weapon has a barrel of cylindrical drilling. And home-made equipment at home is not only the ability to fill cartridges, but also the knowledge of how to choose the right bullet for a particular beast for your own weapon. Inaccurately equipped bullets give misses at the most crucial moment. A boar, for example, will not wait until the hunter reloads the berdan after a shot in the milk. Such types of hunting bullets for a large beast (for smooth-bore weapons) are used: round, turbine and fired type bullets.
Special magazines have repeatedly told their publications that many modern hunters give preference to smooth bullets over rifled bullets. Naturally, all this is presented not by any means, on the contrary - it has an excellent evidence base and reasoned conclusions. But we must not forget that getting wounded ungulates even with good working dogs is a huge problem, with a lot of trouble and lost time. But predators are a brown bear, for example, if injured, it is also a mortal danger for any person, not even the one who injured the beast. Therefore, the choice of bullets is the most important preparation for such a hunt.