The University in Bologna began to emerge at the end of the 21st century, when teachers of logic, rhetoric, and grammar turned to law. The year 1088 is considered the beginning of independent and church-free teaching in Bologna. At that time, Irnerius became a significant figure. His work on the systematization of legal Roman materials crossed the borders of the city.
Interesting Facts
At first, students paid for university studies in Italy. They raised money in order to compensate teachers for their work. The collection was carried out on a voluntary basis, because the science granted by God could not be sold. Gradually, the University of Bologna turned into a center of science, and teachers began to receive a real salary.
Features of occurrence
The emergence of a university in the Italian city of Bologna was facilitated by a tense and serious "struggle for investiture", which was waged between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. At that time, sovereigns of Christian countries appointed priests and bishops at their request, and Pope Gregory VII decided to proclaim the supremacy of the church over secular power, and he sought evidence in the history of Christianity to justify his decision. By that time, there was already a school of “liberal arts” in Bologna, which was popular in the 10th and 11th centuries. Pupils studied Roman law and rhetoric as additional classes in it. In the writings of the 13th century Bologna lawyer Godfroy, there is historical information about the opening of a special law school at the personal request of Countess Matilda, who was the ruler of Tuscany and Lombardy, a supporter of the pope.
The struggle for influence
In the 11-12th century, a turning point was observed in European politics. It was then that the relationship between the church and the state was established. The struggle was based on legal issues, therefore, the basis for the self-consciousness of the Empire was the study of Justinian law.
In 1158, Martino, Bulgaro, Hugo, Jacopo invited Federico I Barbaross to his meeting. Experts were supposed to demonstrate respect for political freedoms in the empire. Three of them (besides Martino) supported the Empire, expressed their recognition of Roman law. Federico I Barbaross passed a law according to which the school became a community of students, led by a teacher. The empire promised similar institutions, a teacher, protection from political claims.
The University of Bologna has become a place that is completely free from the influence of the authorities. This educational institution outlived its defender. There were attempts on the part of the Commune to control this educational institution, but students, in order to withstand this pressure, united in one team.
The thirteenth century was a time of contrasts. The University of Bologna managed to overcome thousands of difficulties, it always fought for autonomy, resisted political power, which saw it as a symbol of prestige. At that time, there were about two thousand students in Bologna.
In the 14th century, it began to study philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, logic, grammar, rhetoric, theology.
Talented students and teachers
The first university in Bologna is proud of the fact that such famous personalities as Francesco Petrarch, Chino Pistoia, Dante Alighieri, Cecco d'Ascoli, Enzo, Guido Guinidzelli, Coluccio Salutati, Salimbene Parma, etc.
Since the fifteenth century, teaching has been conducted in Hebrew and Greek, and a century later in Bologna, students are engaged in experimental sciences. The laws of nature were taught by the philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi.
The philosopher taught the laws of nature, despite his beliefs in theology and philosophy. A significant contribution to the pharmacopeia was made by Ulysses Aldrovandi, engaged in the study of minerals. It was he who created their detailed classification.
In the 16th century, Gaspare Talyakozzi was the first to study plastic surgery. He owns serious research in this area, which became the basis for the development of medicine.
The University of Bologna gradually developed. Italy in the Middle Ages was proud of such eminent personalities as Paracelsus, Thomas Becket, Albrecht Durer, Raimund de Peñafort, Carlo Borromeo, Carlo Goldoni, Torquato Tasso. It was here that canon law was studied by Leon Baptiste Alberti and Pico Mirandola. Papal law was comprehended in Bologna by Nikolai Copernicus even before he began his fundamental research in astronomy. During the industrial revolution, the university has a beneficial effect on the development of technology and science. During this period, there are works by Luigi Galvani, who, along with Alexander Volt, Henry Cavendish, Benjamin Franklin, the founder of modern electrochemistry.
Age of Ascent
During the creation of the Italian state, the University of Bologna is actively developing. Italy acquires such important figures as Giovanni Pascoli, Giacomo Chamican, Giovanni Capellini, Augusto Murri, Augusto Riga, Federigo Henriquez, Josue Carducci. At the end of the nineteenth century, the university retains its significance on the world cultural scene. He holds this position until the interval between the two wars, is rightfully included in the oldest universities in Italy. Time has no power over this Italian “forge of talents”.
Modernity
In 1988, the University of Bologna celebrated its 900th anniversary. For this occasion, faculties took 430 rectors from all over the world. Alma Mater of all universities, and is now considered the main scientific center of international scale, retains the lead in the implementation of research projects.
According to the classification compiled by QS World University Rankings, the university in Bologna is located at 182 place in the world. A similar position of the institution in the ranking indicates a high level of teaching. Bologna is a city in Italy that is rightfully proud of this temple of science.
University structure
Currently, the University of Bologna has about 85,000 students. This educational institution has an unusual structure - “multicampus”, which includes five institutions in cities:
- Bologna
- Forlì;
- Cesene;
- Ravenna
- Rimini.
What else is Bologna proud of? The region of Italy was the first in the country whose university branch was opened outside the country - post-graduate courses began to be taught in Buenos Aires, which contribute to the deepening of various aspects of the relationship between the European Union and Latin America.
The educational programs of this institution of higher education are related to research in various fields of knowledge. Courses are designed in such a way that they fully meet all the needs of the labor market. Particular attention at the University of Bologna is given to international relations.
The activities of laboratories and research centers, a high level of results allow this institution to take an active part in prestigious scientific competitions and conferences every year.
Applicants who enter the University of Bologna can rely on scholarships and contracts involving accommodation and study abroad.
University faculties
Currently, this prestigious educational institution in Italy includes several faculties in the structure:
- architectural;
- agrarian;
- economic (in Bologna, Forlì, Rimini);
- industrial chemical;
- Faculty for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage;
- legal;
- pharmaceutical;
- Engineering (Bologna, Cesena);
- foreign languages and literature;
- veterinary;
- foreign languages and literature;
- psychological;
- veterinary;
- medical and surgical;
- communications;
- physical education;
- science and mathematics;
- political sciences;
- higher school of modern languages;
- statistical sciences.
Contacts and addresses
This educational institution is located in Bologna on the street of Jamboni, on which thousands of students pass daily. In this area there are many places that are associated with the university: stands, cafes, classrooms. A visit to this street allows you to understand the historical value of the city.
13 room has a central building in which the administration is located. It is located opposite the Poggi Palace. There is an audience in this building that is dedicated to Carducci, who once listened to lectures on Italian literature here.
The building of the First University rises on the square of Galvani. Since 1838, the Commune’s library has been located in the palace, but the main treasure is located in the anatomical theater. Today it is the main evidence of the university traditions in Bologna.
University specifics
Due to the fact that this higher educational institution was founded in the twelfth century, it is rightly called one of the oldest in Europe. The University of Bologna is characterized by two distinctive features:
- he was not the association of a professor to whom the students attending lectures were to obey;
- the student association had the right to choose the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate.
Bologna students were divided into two groups:
- "Ultramontans" who arrived in Italy from other countries;
- "Citramontans" who were residents of Italy.
Each group elected annually the rector and council from representatives of different nationalities, which was in charge of university jurisdiction.
Professors were chosen by students for a certain period of time, they received a certain fee, taught only in Bologna.
By status, they were free only in classes with students. During lectures and seminars, professors could demonstrate their pedagogical talent and personal qualities.
Another feature of the University of Bologna was that it became a law school. In addition to Roman and canon law, medicine and free arts were taught in the walls of this Italian educational institution.
Conclusion
Over the period of its existence, the Bologna school managed to exert a significant influence not only on Italy, but also on the whole of Western Europe.
The positive reputation of the professors of Bologna made it possible to consider this institution as a place of concentration of Roman law.
Currently, the University of Bologna is considered the oldest educational institution in the world, whose history has not been interrupted from the period of its foundation to the present. Every year, thousands of students from different parts of the globe strive to Bologna in the hope of becoming students of this elite educational institution.