Often the degree of damage to the tooth is so great that you have to make a difficult choice: save or delete it. With a timely visit to the dentist, the damage is usually completely cured. But not everyone visits the doctor on time. Sometimes a tooth has to be removed so that the infection does not spread further. In the work of the dentist surgeon help tools for removing teeth. The effectiveness of the procedure and its outcome sometimes depend on the correctness of their choice. In the article, we will consider the main tools that dentists use when extracting teeth and their roots.
Indications for the operation to remove teeth
Toothache is one of the most unpleasant. Due to the high sensitivity and natural unwillingness to endure discomfort during dental procedures, many years postpone the visit to the dentist. And only at that moment when the pain becomes unbearable and does not stop with analgesics, the average person decides on a “scary” visit. As a rule, this condition indicates that the tooth is affected quite severely. Treatment in this case often comes down to only one thing: extraction.
The absolute indications for the operation include:
- abscess and other acute purulent-inflammatory diseases;
- complete or partial tooth decay due to caries;
- periodontal disease.
There are frequent cases of tooth extraction in order to install the implant. In any case, the doctor will try to save the tooth and, if possible, restore it.
Preparation for surgery
Any surgical intervention should be carried out according to the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. Tools for removing teeth are sterilized, and the oral cavity is prepared according to the following algorithm:
- dental deposits are removed from removed and adjacent teeth;
- offer the patient to rinse the mouth with an antiseptic solution (furatsilin, potassium permanganate);
- anesthetize the tissue in the area of the extracted tooth with a solution of lidocaine, novocaine, trimecaine or other anesthetics.
After a complete lack of sensitivity is achieved, the doctor proceeds to the extraction of the tooth with the help of certain tools.
Common tools for removing teeth: photos, description
For dental procedures created a lot of specific devices - tools. The first of them were invented in the Middle Ages. In the process of tooth extraction, the doctor requires mainly forceps and elevators, in rare cases, additional devices.
Nippers are one of the most common instruments used by dental surgeons. They consist of three parts: handles, cheeks and lock. Over the years, their structure has not changed. Cheeks of forceps allow to capture tooth crowns, and the lock serves as a connecting element. Handles are necessary for the convenience of the doctor: holding on to them, control the tool. Although the tongs are quite simple in structure, they have a large number of varieties. Depending on the form, they are used in a certain location: for the lower and upper jaw they will differ significantly.
Dental tools for removing teeth include elevators. They consist of three parts: handles, connecting and working parts. Thanks to them, root extraction or separation is possible. In addition, they are used in order to reach the dystopian or retinated teeth.
Devices that faded into the background
The use of forceps or elevators is more specific to the ordinary dentist. But there are times when the use of other devices is simply necessary. Among them are used tools for removing teeth, such as:
- Excavators - created to eliminate individual softened tissues of the tooth or its crown part (pulp). Modern clinics use it as an alternative to boron. This is a double-sided tool consisting of small spoons with pointed edges. Despite the simplicity of the design, it is very functional.
- Chisels, chisels and hammers - tools with a long history, have been used in surgery to remove teeth for a very long time. With the help of them hollow out the root of the tooth. This method is quite traumatic, so it is practically not used. But the chisel is successfully used to destroy the interroot connection, which greatly facilitates the procedure for removing roots.
- Drill - used to remove multi-rooted teeth.
Tools for removing teeth can successfully carry out the operation, regardless of the complexity of the case. The doctor uses those devices that are necessary in a particular situation.
Lower jaw forceps
Incisors, fangs, molars of the upper and lower jaw have some differences in their structure. Access to them is also different. In this connection, the set of tools for removing teeth is divided into two groups: for the lower and upper jaw. To perform the procedure using coracoid forceps. The handle and cheeks in their structure are located at an angle of 90 ° (or close to it) with respect to each other. The angle depends on the tooth for which the tool is intended to be removed. For example, for extraction of incisors, forceps with an obtuse angle between the cheeks and the handle tending to 90 ° are more suitable. This is due to their anatomical structure. And to remove the molars can not come up better than the forceps with a right angle.
For extraction of premolars and incisors, tweezers with narrow cheeks rounded at the ends are used. A dental instrument for removing teeth of the lower jaw (molars) is characterized by wide cheeks, on the sides of which there are peculiar spikes. They are necessary for tight fixation of the molar. Horizontal curved forceps are used to extract wisdom teeth. The dentist can also resort to them if the patient cannot open his mouth wide enough. Nippers with converging and dissimilar cheeks are also distinguished. The first are used to remove the tooth along with the roots, and the second - only to eliminate the crown.
Upper jaw extraction forceps
Tools for removing teeth on the upper jaw basically come down to the use of forceps. Their appearance and shape differ depending on the position and type of tooth. Nippers are divided into the following categories:
- Direct - used for incisors and fangs. Their characteristic feature - cheeks and pen are on the same axis.
- 8-shaped for premolars - necessary for their extraction. The cheeks of such forceps are located with respect to the handle at an obtuse angle.
- 8-shaped for the first and second molars - they differ on the left and right, have a special spike located on the outside. Thanks to him, it is possible to grasp a tooth.
- Bayonet (bayonet) - to remove the third molar, unlike the previous ones, do not have a spike. His cheeks are rounded, do not close, are parallel to the handle.
- Bayonet-shaped - have elongated cheeks, between which there is a transition element, allowing them to be diverging or converging. Designed for teeth with dilapidated crowns.
According to dentists, removing the teeth of the upper jaw is somewhat more complicated than performing similar manipulations on the lower.
Tooth extraction operation with forceps
Imagine that a decision has been made to extract a tooth. The patient is prepared, tools for removing teeth, too. The doctor selects the forceps of the appropriate shape and size and begins to perform sequential actions:
- Having exfoliated the gum from the tooth to be extracted, forceps are applied. This happens so that the axis of the cheeks coincides with the axis of the tooth.
- The forceps move down under the gum down to the neck of the tooth, which allows them to be well fixed. If the crown is broken, the tool is advanced to a depth of about 5 mm.
- After making sure that the axes of the tooth and cheeks coincide, the forceps are fixed. To do this, the handle is captured with all fingers of the brush so that the instrument and crown become one system.
- Carrying out rotational (for single-root) and pendulum-like (for multi-root) movements, the tooth is dislocated, thereby destroying the periodontal fibers.
- As soon as the tooth and the surrounding tissue are separated, it is removed from the hole by rotational movements.
After completing the fifth paragraph, the procedure is considered completed. Tools for removing teeth are sent for sterilization, and the patient, after some additional manipulations, is sent home. The operation on milk teeth is performed in a similar way, only more accurately.
Elevators: destination and varieties
Dental tools for removing teeth include elevators. Like tongs, this is one of the most common devices. Thanks to them it is possible to remove uncut or growing in the wrong direction teeth, as well as their roots. The doctor uses one of the varieties of the tool:
- Straight - all its parts are located on one axis, some models are characterized by a slightly curved connecting element. Most often it is used to work with the upper jaw.
- Corner - the cheek is tilted by 60 ° with respect to the handle. Some models allow you to change the angle. The tool is divided into left and right elevators. Suitable for working with the lower jaw.
- The group of elevators for removing wisdom teeth on the lower jaw - angular, is represented by several models: Leklusa (angle 90⁰, spiky cheeks), Barry and Winter (divided into left- and right-sided, cheeks triangular), Sweat (angle 60⁰, elongated shaft).
- To extract root particles - it has thin pointed cheeks, in shape resembles a cylinder.
The elevator is a universal tool for removing the root of the tooth. It is not traumatic, but requires certain skills from the dentist.
Elevator tooth extraction operation
The methodology for using this or that type of elevator is based on the principle of leverage. With the force introducing the working part of the instrument into the periodontal gap, it is advanced inward with the help of rotational movements. So the elevator tears the periodontal tissue and expands the gap. After the tool is embedded to a depth of about 0.5 cm, they act as a lever. The applied force is transmitted to its end and leads to dislocation of the tooth root.
If the operation is performed on a multi-root tooth, then one of the roots is removed with a direct elevator or forceps, after which a lateral elevator is introduced. So the second root is pushed. At the end of the procedure, the entrance to the hole is covered with a “ball” of gauze. The patient is recommended to keep it for 15 minutes, after which rinse with antiseptic solutions once an hour.
Luxators
For a patient, and often for a doctor, tooth extraction surgery becomes a real stress. The tools used in extraction can not always cope with difficult cases. The least traumatic way to remove teeth is through the use of luxuators, which are preferred by more and more dentists.
The tool has an awl-shaped design, due to which it penetrates into the periodontal zone without much effort. The working part is carefully introduced at a slight angle under the gum. This leads to the separation of periodontal tissues and the expansion of the hole. The vacuum in the area is eliminated. Pulling out a tooth with forceps will now be much easier. But if the tooth is of the same root, then the use of forceps will not be needed at all.
Tooth canal removal
Pulpitis is one of the most unpleasant dental diseases resulting from trauma, gum disease, or bacteria. Without timely treatment, the infection spreads through the root canals to the near-root tissue, and the bone at the base of the tooth is damaged. One of the methods of treating this disease is depulpation - removal of a nerve in the root and crown parts. Then fill the canals of the root of the tooth and its crown part. The operation is quite complicated and requires high skill from a specialist.
Tools for tooth extraction allow you to carry out a quality procedure, achieving the least tissue trauma. The correct choice of one or another device can fundamentally change the course of the procedure, as well as the restoration and possible complications after it.