Learning is a very important part in our life. We can say that we learn something constantly. After all, this concept includes not only getting an education at school or university, but also getting some skills that we need for life. Let's try to find out what types of training exist and their characteristics. After all, it is so interesting to learn something new, to master knowledge and skills. And itโs much more interesting to use different methods and methods.
General concept
The general characteristic of the type of training is as follows - this is a training system in accordance with which the features of educational activity are established. It also determines the nature of the interaction between the student and the teacher, as well as the functions of those means, methods and forms of teaching that the teacher uses.
Each type of training is based on pedagogical technology. Next, we will consider in more detail what types of training are and their characteristics briefly, but as clear as possible for the audience.
Dogmatic training
Dogmatic training was the first type of organization of cognitive activity in a team. It received its wide distribution in the Middle Ages. At that time, students were supposed to master religious scripture, which was the main purpose of instruction. All material was submitted in Latin. During the classes, students should carefully listen to their teacher and immediately memorize the material submitted.
Explanatory Illustrative Learning
If we consider the types of training and their characteristics on the part of pedagogy, we can see that explanatory and illustrative teaching has seamlessly replaced the dogmatic. Here, the teachers not only told the memorized text, but also brought visual material so that the information is better absorbed. The well-known Ya. A. Komensky became the founder of this type of training.
His goal was that students should not only memorize material, but also skillfully apply it in practice. That is, at this stage there was already an active assimilation of skills. This type of training is used to date, however, it is not among the most effective. At such lessons, teachers prepare good performers, but they absolutely do not develop creative skills in children. After all, it is only important for the teacher that the children learn the material and remember it.
Self-knowledge acquisition
Further, in the characterization of the types and types of training, it should be said about the method of self-knowledge. It replaced the explanatory and illustrative view at the beginning of the twentieth century. Here the role of the teacher was incredibly small, because he simply came to the lesson and told the students what exactly they should study, further indicated the literature that can be used to search for material and, of course, the deadlines in which the work should be submitted.
Then begins the independent work of students. They study this literature, choose the necessary information. Some data could be obtained only through practical or laboratory work, which students also performed independently. At the indicated time they had to come to the teacher to show the results of the work done. Here, the teacher simply summarized all the knowledge that they received during their independent work, corrected possible shortcomings and gave new tasks.
This type of training has many disadvantages:
- The systematization of knowledge was not ensured.
- Monitoring the progress of the exercise was almost completely absent.
- The teacher took an absolutely passive position here, which means that the learning process did not fulfill all the assigned functions.
Programmed training
If we carry out a comparative characteristic of the types of training, then it is worth paying attention to programmed training, which, like the previous one, related to types of independent mastering of knowledge. Its founder was B. Skiner, who identified a number of principles for this process:
- Information for students was served in small portions.
- After the students conscientiously assimilated it, control work was carried out to verify their knowledge.
- After the students completed the assignments, they received an answer to conduct self-control.
- Then each student received instructions from the teacher, which he formulated on the basis of the childโs response.
Educational
Offering types of training and their characteristics, pedagogy also focuses on developing learning. His process runs a little in an accelerated rhythm. The main emphasis here is on the assimilation of theoretical knowledge. But this process is completely systematic, it has certain goals and objectives.
Remote
This is a completely new type of training, which became known not so long ago. To organize this type of training, the student and teacher must have modern communication systems through which they can keep in touch, exchange information, consult, and discuss the conditions for completing assignments.
Means of education
Under this concept are absolutely any means that a teacher can use to transmit information to students. If earlier teachers could use only their own word, then modern materials completely untied their hands. Training tools play a very important role in its implementation, because depending on what tools are used, the types, forms, content and even goals of training are shared.
The main types of funds
It is generally difficult to imagine the modern educational process without involving any additional teaching aids, as modern children practically do not absorb information that was provided only in the form of oral speech. Moreover, using additional funds, the teacher can activate almost all types of children's memory, which leaves a positive mark on the assimilation of the material. So, material and ideal teaching aids are now singled out.
The first include various physical objects that a teacher can use while submitting material. The second group includes those knowledge and skills that the audience already possesses and actively uses them to get and learn something new.
This separation is considered very conditional, since types can change places, it depends on what time a particular type was involved. In addition, training tools are also divided according to this principle:
- there are tools that students often use to independently acquire new knowledge or to prepare for the lesson;
- there are tools that, on the contrary, are used by teachers to present material that will be absorbed much better in this way.
Classification of teaching aids
Types of training tools and their characteristics include technical tools that have many varieties. So, the technical means include:
- Various films with a training bias.
- Different filmstrips that the teacher selects in accordance with the topic of the lesson.
- Computers that have become an integral part of the learning process.
- Tape recordings that are especially relevant in music or literature lessons.
- Records, they can be safely attributed to rare teaching aids.
- Radio broadcasts can also bring some clarity when studying certain topics, especially in literature and history.
All these technical training tools are divided into several types:
- Informational.
- Those that act as simulators.
- Combined.
- Audiovisual.
- Tools that are used to control knowledge, most often they become computers.
Learning Features
Studying the psychological characteristics of types of training, one cannot ignore the functions of this process.
In the first place is the educational function. Its goal is that students should possess all the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities that will be useful to them in practical activities. However, they should not only know the theory, but also be able to put their knowledge into practice. Realizing this function, the teacher teaches children to work with reference material.
Next, attention should be paid to the upbringing function. It is impossible to organize the learning process in a team that does not know the elementary norms of morality and does not know any rules of conduct. This function can be fully realized only if contact is established between the students and the teacher. Of course, the learning process educates, but in itself it gives quite a bit, so the main thing here is for the teacher to strive to invest not only scientific knowledge, but also moral knowledge in children.
Educational function. The implementation of such a function is also possible only if contact is established between the teacher and the student. Here, the teacher should strive to ensure that a harmoniously developed personality grows in his lessons. The main emphasis here is on developing correct speech in children, teaching them to formulate their thoughts not only naked, but also to be able to correctly express them.
Student Organization
In order for students to be fully involved in the educational process, the teacher must set certain educational tasks for them. But not just give a task, but also create conditions so that they can successfully complete these tasks. At the same time, the teacher instructs, distributes the functions among the team members, points out those points that should be paid special attention, creates a special algorithm of actions. If we turn to didactics, then there you can find a whole set of rules by which educational tasks should be put forward:
- The cognitive task must be built in such a way that it retains a system of knowledge, as well as the logic of the science being studied.
- When formulating the tasks, the teacher must take into account the level at which the students โknowledge is really located, and, starting from this indicator, set them tasks that will be feasible.
- For students to complete assignments, they must receive positive motivation. Only in this way can they be positioned to carry out any activity.
- It is not enough just to give them a task and calmly wait for the finished result. You need to tell the children how to complete the task, what supporting or reference materials they can use.
The teacher is obliged to constantly monitor the process of completing the tasks. It is very easy to do. It is enough to periodically conduct thematic surveys, you can arrange written independent and control work, you can simply observe this process from the outside, only periodically adjusting the actions of children. The task of the teacher by any means to stimulate students, instill in them interest in the work performed. Only in this way will it be possible to achieve a positive result not only in the fulfillment of tasks, but also in the assimilation of knowledge.
Conclusion
This is the characteristic of the main types of training. As you can see, there is nothing complicated about this. The teacher only needs to learn how to make contact with his students, and then he can easily convey material to them.