The design of civil and industrial buildings is usually carried out in two stages. At the first, the design task is being developed, at the second, working drawings are made.
When designing civil and industrial buildings and structures of special complexity or architectural significance, a third is added to these two stages. During it, a technical project is drawn up . Let us further consider the basics of designing civil and industrial buildings .
Design task
It determines the technical feasibility, as well as the economic feasibility of construction. At the stage of preparing the assignment, an architectural and planning composition is developed, the features of the object's location on a site are determined.
At the first stage of designing civil buildings and industrial structures, building materials, structures are selected. The design assignment describes the nature and types of sanitary equipment systems, power supply networks. It indicates the area, calculated temperature indicators, construction parameters, terms of project development and construction of the facility. The task is approved by the customer.
The developed documentation is coordinated with various authorities. These include bodies of state supervision, sanitary and epidemiological surveillance, etc.
Working drawings
When designing civil buildings and production facilities, the number of drawings should be the minimum necessary for the implementation of construction and installation activities.
Work drawings are not approved. They are issued to builders with the signatures of the designers and the head of the design company.
Project development
The design of civil buildings and production facilities is a creative process. Moreover, such work is considered quite complex and time-consuming, requiring some experience and knowledge.
The basis for the design of civil buildings and production facilities is the current standards and norms (Construction Norms and Regulations, technical regulations).
The result of the activity is a finished project of the object. It is a set of documents required for direct construction.
Project Classification
Construction of facilities is carried out according to individual and standard schemes. In the first case, documentation is developed for a particular structure. As a rule, private houses, sports complexes, theaters, etc. are erected on individual projects.
A typical project is one that can be reused. It can underlie many residential complexes, hospitals, schools, etc. In standard projects, generalized planning and architectural design solutions are used.
In the typical design of civil buildings , industrial facilities , binding to a specific area is required. This requires information on the structure of the soil, terrain, snow, wind load, as well as the calculated temperature values in winter.
Standard designs allow the introduction of unified designs. This, in turn, provides construction optimization.
Adaptation to climatic conditions
When designing (civil buildings in particular), the facility must be adapted to local conditions. To do this, you need to clarify:
- The thickness of the walls and thermal insulation material.
- Design features of the foundation, its depth, parameters, type of waterproofing material.
Changes due to the specifics of local conditions are usually reflected in the “zero cycle”.
The structure of the design documentation
In two-stage design, the documentation includes an architectural and construction project, and in one-stage design, a construction project with an allocated architectural part to be approved.
The architectural solution is intended to form an idea of the planned structure. This documentation reflects the features of the location of the object on the ground, its physical parameters, artistic and aesthetic details. The architectural design also provides technical and economic indicators. This documentation includes a conceptual design.
A construction project is called a project developed on the basis of approved urban planning and architectural documentation, engineering survey results. It provides direct funding for the construction process.
A town-planning project is a set of interconnected documents drawn up in accordance with the requirements of regulatory acts and the State Cadastre information. It is the basis for planning urban planning and architectural activities.
Artist selection
When constructing production facilities or erecting a residential complex, the developer is selected as part of the competition. The customer in this case forms the tender documentation. It contains background information on commercial, technical and other characteristics of the future facility, the conditions and procedure for the competition.
The contractor is the participant who proposed the most economically advantageous solution for the implementation of the project.
Design of residential and civil buildings
It is carried out in accordance with the provisions of SNiP 2.08-01-89. Apartments in houses are designed for one family.
Multi-apartment buildings are of tower, gallery, sectional and corridor types. Mostly houses have a rectangular shape.
The most common are nine-, twelve- and sixteen-story buildings. Often non-residential objects are attached to residential buildings: shops, public services, social and cultural facilities.
According to the requirements for orientation to the cardinal directions, sections of unlimited and limited orientation are distinguished. In the latter case, the windows face one longitudinal part of the structure. Sections of this type can be used only when the longitudinal axis of the house is located along the meridian.
With unlimited orientation, the windows of the apartments overlook both sides of the structure. This option is used for any location of the object on the general plan.
According to sanitary requirements, residential premises should be located exclusively on above-ground floors.
Features of the areas
When calculating the size of apartments and premises in a residential building, utility, residential and usable areas are allocated. The first two together make up the usable space. The auxiliary area is the area of the kitchen, bathroom, hallway, corridor and other auxiliary rooms. Everything else is living space. The area of staircases, vestibules, common corridors is not considered auxiliary.
Public buildings
They are called buildings designed to accommodate administrative organizations and institutions, as well as objects of social services for citizens.
Depending on the purpose, public facilities are divided into:
- Educational. These include kindergartens, schools, etc.
- Medical and preventive. These include clinics, dispensaries, etc.
- Cultural and educational. These include libraries, theaters.
- Commercial and communal. Among them are dining rooms, shops and so on.
- Objects of communication and transport.
- Administrative.
The following main options for planning schemes of public buildings:
- Enfilade. In this case, the rooms are arranged in series. Such a scheme is used in art galleries, museums, department stores.
- Corridor. In this case, the premises are located on both or one side of the corridor. This version of the layout is common in medical, educational, administrative buildings.
Design of modern window systems in civil buildings
Currently, window systems are made of wood, PVC and aluminum.
Any structure is affected by a number of factors, as a rule, of a non-force nature, and therefore they do not cause stress states in structural elements. However, at the same time, they have a certain effect on people on the premises. Factors affecting a person include:
- Temperature differences.
- Noise.
- Fluctuations in humidity outside and inside.
- Daylight.
- Precipitation.
- Dust, chemical impurities in the air.
Translucent enclosing elements as load-bearing structures must have the necessary strength, rigidity and resistance to all the above factors. Window systems are designed in such a way as to provide the necessary sound insulation, thermal protection, tightness. In addition, structures must have high lighting properties.
Finally
The legislation establishes special requirements for design organizations. One of them is the availability of a license to conduct such activities. The establishment of stringent requirements is determined by the need to ensure the safety of people in residential and industrial buildings.
Inadequate qualifications, inexperience of a specialist in design, can lead to serious negative consequences. Errors in the calculations, ignoring the specifics of climatic conditions and other factors can lead to premature destruction of objects and death of people.