After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the demographic situation in many cities deteriorated significantly. Even where stable growth had been noted before, the dynamics became negative. Only after some time, indicators in some regions changed to positive. Of course, this was affected by the improvement of the economic situation, and the gradual stabilization of the situation in the country as a whole. But the increase in the number of residents often provided not a decrease in mortality and an increase in the birth rate, but a migration increase. The concept means the difference between those who came to this territory and those who left it for a certain period of time. This article will talk about what migration growth is and what it is caused by.
General definition of migration
The very concept of “migration” can be deciphered as a change of residence or relocation. This definition is one of the key in demographic processes, because the life of the state directly depends on this action. It affects the population of the country and, accordingly, the economic situation.
What is migration growth? The concept is indicated in demography as the difference between those who arrived in any territory for permanent residence and those who irrevocably left it.
Migration processes are divided according to several classification criteria:
- to size;
- in form;
- because of;
- the nature;
- by time;
- by legal status.
Episodic migrations
There are four main types of spatial movement of the population, which determine migration growth.
Occasional migrations periodically affect the number of inhabitants. Thanks to them, at one moment the number of inhabitants in the village can become many times greater. These are, as a rule, trips related to leisure and tourism, business and others. They have no time frame or direction. Persons involved in this type of spatial movement can be completely different. If this is a business trip, then, of course, able-bodied citizens travel. But when it comes to recreation, the contingent is becoming more extensive.
Since episodic migration growth weakly lends itself to any explanation and is only temporary in nature, it is practically not subject to study. Although this is despite the fact that this type of spatial movement is the most ambitious, especially in the tourism sector.
Pendulum migrations
This type of movement is determined by the need of the population for constant travel. The participants of the pendulum migrations are residents of both urban and rural areas. Most often, this type of migration refers to daily trips to work or school. It is most pronounced where there is any possessive center. According to experts, this movement will soon exceed irrevocable relocation. It’s easier for people to get to their destination on a daily basis than to buy permanent housing.
Pendulum migrations contribute to a change in the structure of labor resources. Thanks to this, vacancies are filled by people living in settlements where there are no working opportunities.
This type of population movement has practically no effect on migration growth, unless in the process a person decides to change his place of residence.
Seasonal Migrations
This category includes people who, for whatever reason, were forced to leave their permanent place of residence for an indefinite period. Thanks to this type of movement, the shortage of labor is compensated, and the needs of production are satisfied. The reason for this process is the uneven distribution of the economic level in the regions. The latter is due to the fact that certain industries generate more revenue. That is, in such places there is always a need for working hands. If local resources cannot make up for it, then additional ones from other regions are involved.
Most often, this movement is determined by seasonal industries. This is agriculture (mainly sowing and harvesting), logging and coastal fishing.
Irrevocable migration
Most of all, the magnitude of migration growth depends on this type of population movement. Researchers define it as irrevocable movement, that is, a complete change of place of residence. In order to characterize the process as irrevocable migration, two points must be fulfilled:
- the first is a change of place of residence to another locality, which immediately cuts off transfers within the city or village;
- the second is irrevocability, which is the main condition, excluding temporary or short-term trips.
Types of indicators
There are several indicators that characterize demographic processes, in particular, overall migration growth. The concept of “migration balance” is often used to analyze statistical data. This is an absolute value. It is influenced by the population in a particular territory.
For calculations, you need several factors. These include:
- P - the number of arrivals in the region.
- In - the number of people leaving the region.
- MS - migration net or balance.
The magnitude of migration growth is calculated very simply. It is equal to the difference between visitors and those who left this territory. That is, in the form of a formula, this can be represented as MS = PV. This indicator can be both positive and negative. If the number is less than zero, then we are talking about the concept of "migration decline." For the opposite result, a positive value is needed.
A second method is also possible. If the general and natural increase is known, then by subtracting the second from the first, the necessary value can be obtained. This will be a mechanical population increase.
Relative values for specific populations are also calculated. For example, this is the number of visitors to a certain number of local residents (most often per thousand). In the form of a formula, it looks like Kpr = (P / N) * 1000. CRC is the coefficient of arrival.
To improve accuracy in statistics, it is better to calculate the average values over several years. This data is needed to analyze the current situation, determine immigration policy and manage labor resources.