The existence of a system of local governments that solve local problems is justified for the wide geography of Russia. Such structures solve the problems of local residents on health, environmental ecology, education, housing and communal services. Their interaction with citizens occurs on a legal basis. In case of violation of duties or rights on any side, the injured party may apply for support to the court.
The structure of local self-government includes representative bodies, the head of the district, the administration, the chamber of control and other, and provided for by the municipal charters. Executive bodies of local self-government are an integral part of management in regions and districts. The task of the executive branch is to comply with the court decision and enforce the court sentence.
Executive power exists for the practical implementation of the Constitution and laws of the Russian state. It has a strictly vertical character when the lower structures implicitly obey the higher ones. Depends on the branch of the legislative branch and submits to it. It is an independent indispensable body, addressing the problems and needs of the population.
The executive branch is subordinate to many structures for the implementation of high-quality implementation of laws. This branch of government also has an administrative function, which is unthinkable in the framework of the work of executive structures. The latter refers to the issuance of legal acts.
About executive bodies
Executive bodies of local self-government are an integral part of the whole system. The existence of executive structures is not fixed in the Constitution; they are appointed locally if necessary and perform specific functions. Along with the existence of the activities of elected bodies of local self-government, there are other units.
The state does not participate in the appointment and development of structures of local authorities. The executive bodies are headed by the heads of city districts, the heads of administration, their replacement persons or the accompanying apparatus. Administration, committees, departments, departments - these are a few of the names of executive structures.
Head of Municipality
The head is elected, appointed or dismissed by the municipality or with local participation. He is responsible for ensuring the local governments of the optimal work of all structures accountable to him.
In accordance with article 36 of the Federal Law, the head is the highest leader of the municipal structure, who decides issues in accordance with the charter.
Chapter selection conditions:
- It can be self-nominated or a member of the representative body and is selected by its participants.
- The candidate is either a member of the representative bodies, or is the main administrative person.
- Must have state powers of local government.
- The future head does not have the right to combine two positions: the chairman and the head of administration.
- He has the post of chairman in the formation of the representative body of the district municipality.
The restrictions stipulated by the second and fourth paragraph do not apply to rural settlements. This is due to the fact that the local heads of the municipality also serve as chairpersons in representative bodies.
Chapter competencies
- Has the right to make decisions without the consent of anyone. It works both with state bodies and with local ones, communicates with citizens and organizations.
- According to the rules of local education, he signs and announces regulations adopted by representative bodies.
- Has the ability to independently create normative decrees within the powers.
- Has the right to convene the main body of the municipal assembly outside the plan.
- Carries out a supervisory function for the competencies of local structures in resolving issues and for individual state orders transferred to the municipality.
The head single-handedly controls the work of execution and disposal structures. In the case of poor-quality work, he is responsible for the consequences. The civil local population and representative body has reporting.
According to the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the name and duties of elected municipal entities are spelled out in the relevant charter.
The powers of the elected head shall enter into force on the day of appointment and shall continue for at least 2 and no more than 5 years. The head has powers from the first day of appointment, which he takes no less than two and no more than five years. Change of this period is feasible after the appointment takes effect.
Early work may be terminated due to:
- Deaths.
- Care by own decision.
- Dismissals in accordance with the Federal Law.
- Establishment of incapacity or limited legal capacity.
- Upon entry into force of the judgment.
- When moving to permanent residence abroad.
- Confessions of missing persons.
- Termination of Russian citizenship.
- Dismissals due to recall by voters.
- Loss of health and acquired inability to manage.
- Changes in the boundaries of the municipality.
- Increases in the number of voters by 25% and above.
- Associations of the subject structure with the urban district.
- The completion of the work of the central education ahead of schedule.
The deputy head temporarily assumes a leadership position in case of early departure of the first.
The statistics of 2007 indicate that in 652 entities early termination of work was due to care at will. In 117 entities, powers were terminated due to death. In 27 entities, chapters early resigned due to criminal liability. In another 30 units, the powers of the heads ceased in connection with the dissolution of the municipalities.
Decisions made by the heads of municipalities are binding on all existing collective organizations on the territory of local self-government.
Local administration
The system of local government includes administration. Its chief is vested with absolute power in relation to the administration apparatus. The head is either the head of the municipal unit or the designated contractor.
The terms of the contract are approved by the main body of the district in the part concerning local issues, and in the part affecting issues of national importance - by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation.
In case of contract appointment, in order to verify the suitability of future candidates for work, a selection is made on a competitive basis. The representative power of the municipality creates the conditions for the competition, prescribes the procedure for its holding and appoints members of the commission. According to the rules, the announcement of the competition is submitted twenty days before it begins, the place, time, date, requirements for candidates and other features are also reported.
The task of representative bodies is to appoint the composition of the commission. They participate in the formation of two-thirds of the composition of the commission, one-third is elected by the state legislative body.
The contractor is appointed by the results of the competition from its participants. The future administrative head signs the contract papers with the head of the municipality. The local administration resolves issues as a legal entity.
In most municipalities, the head of the administration is the head of the entire settlement, in other cases, the administration is led by a contracted person.
The structure of the administration includes committees, departments, sectors, departments that perform functional and territorial roles. The scope of the chapter’s prohibited activities includes conducting business; he may engage in creative, teaching, or scientific activities.
Obligations terminate earlier than necessary in case of:
- Of death.
- Care of their own free will.
- Termination of the contract for a number of reasons.
- Dismissal from office.
- Disability determination through court.
- Confessions of missing in court.
- Execution of the judgment against the chapter.
- Moving abroad.
- Graduation of Russian citizenship.
- Care for military service or civilian service.
- Abolition or reorganization of local education.
- Municipal associations with larger organizations.
- Changes in the number of former voters by 25%.
The contract is terminated in case of mutual consent or through the courts by decision:
- Administrative chief due to violation of conditions in the execution of important decisions.
- The dominant person in the subject of the Russian Federation in violation of interests of a state scale.
- Heads of administration in case of breach of contract by local government or state-level organizations.
The statistics of 2007 show that about 4.8% of all accepted contractors have left their places ahead of schedule.
Local Administration Office
In order for the organization of administrative work to be optimal and productive, various auxiliary structures are created on the ground that are designed to address specialized issues. They are approved with the participation of the head of self-government or representative structures.
Administrative structures consist of the head, deputies, apparatus of structural and industry units. The legal basis, the collegial resolution of issues, their announcement to the people and unity of command - these are the principles on which the work of the administrative team is based.
The term of operation of this structure is determined by the term of functioning of representative bodies. The work of executive structures is to conduct meetings if the decision requires collective adoption. Citizens and legal entities are obliged to implement decisions taken by the administration.
Supervisory authority of the municipality
The education system of local authorities includes a control and audit chamber, the main purpose of which is to oversee budget execution. In addition, the control commission regulates the preparation and consideration of draft local budgets, and receives reports on their implementation. The duties of the chamber include the disposal of local property.
The control chamber is elected by municipal elections or by representative bodies according to the regulations of the local charter. The results of inspections in the budget should be made public by the supervisory authority. He has the right to request the necessary information and documents for verification of local authorities.
Financial control bodies have the authority to conduct audit, expert, and information activities. The structure includes the chairman and auditors. The extent to which the powers of control bodies have been worked out determines how efficiently budget processes at the local level will be optimized.
Election Committee
The election commission is not included in the composition of self-government bodies and exists with the aim of forming new bodies of the municipality. The electoral structure operates during elections, referenda, participates in the voting on the removal of officials, decides on changing the boundaries of the territory of the municipality, and votes in the formation of new bodies of the municipality.
Election commissions are appointed and formed in accordance with federal law and the local charter.
All municipal commissions are headed by the Central Election Commission. The body is collegial and has its own list of powers, within which it does not depend on state and local structures. But the decisions of local commissions that oppose the law are canceled by higher authorities.
Interaction of state bodies and self-government bodies
How do these two separate structures interact? State authorities and local governments interact based on the principles of legality, mutual respect, mutual responsibility and coordination of interests.
Government departments:
- Protect the right to independent management of bodies of municipal structures.
- They help financially and strategically in the development of the local economy.
- They affirm the role of self-government on a national scale.
- Oversee the full compliance with the law on the ground.
Local government authorities contribute to the state structures:
- They turn to state assistance if necessary.
- They can submit their bills to the highest level for consideration.
- They have the right to protection from unlawful actions by state structures.
- They take part in referenda and elections of national importance.
Thus, state authorities and local self-government are united by the state-legal foundation, but while maintaining their special managerial elements.
Subjects and objects of local government
The objects of local government include overseeing the issues of life support of citizens in a trusted territory in accordance with local charters, as well as the territory itself and its property.
The subjects of local government are understood as categories of people who are associated with this territory with both rights and obligations:
- Individual faces. This category combines Russian citizens and foreigners, stateless persons, local deputies and voters, officials and employees.
- Collective. These include local and territorial self-government bodies, as well as federal bodies of local self-government.
- Political and territorial. Municipalities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation in full.
- Social. Local and Russian, as well as the population of all subjects of the Russian Federation.
Participation of citizens in the work of executive bodies
The execution of some decisions is not possible without prior agreement with the citizens. In local governments of citizens this can be done in several forms:
- Referendum. It consists in the collective adoption of an important decision through voting. A referendum is convened at the initiative of representative bodies or citizens. Voting is voluntary. Secret and without control. The execution of the decision is carried out if the majority of people cast their votes for it. The decisions taken are subject to announcement and execution without the approval of other authorities.
- Elections to municipal and local governments. Participation of the population in the selection of their future chapter through secret and voluntary expression of will.
- The gathering of citizens. An open discussion of problems with a compromise solution regarding important issues.
- Lawmaking. The right of the population to propose a solution to local problems through the consolidation of new legal acts. The latter are mandatory for consideration at a public meeting in the presence of representatives from the people. Results to be made public.
- Collective or individual appeals of the people to local authorities. Representatives of local authorities are required to give substantive answers within a month.
- Territorial public self-government. Creation of a self-governing structure on the territory of the municipality to address issues of local importance. For example, the creation of the Homeowners Partnership in order to solve problems with the arrangement of the local area.
- Polls of citizens. Gathering the opinions of the majority of the population to take into account when executing any decisions.
General provisions on the powers of executive bodies
Executive bodies have reports from representative structures of the municipality. They are constantly operating in the designated territories and do not stop their work.
Their powers include:
- Any disposition of municipal property.
- Development of favorable conditions in the socio-economic sector.
- Quality control of housing and communal services, the work of medical institutions and educational centers. Caring for the environment and land relations in a trusted territory.
- Caring for municipal roads and transport.
- Participation in the work of the media and their control.
- The development of sports and cultural trends.
- Support of the population in social security.
Local governments - direct evidence of the democratic foundations of society management, allowing to make local solutions to problems more efficient and high-quality. This system takes into account individual claims in specific areas of the country. Executive structures combine ensuring the interests of small communities with solving problems at the state level.