Any state that cares about the state of its resources should organize their accounting. It is especially relevant for natural resources and objects. State cadastres today act as the main form of accounting. We will talk about them in the article.
general characteristics
First, let's deal with terminology. State cadastres and registers of natural resources are codes of organizational, economic, technical and environmental parameters that characterize the quality and quantity of objects, categories and composition of users. This information serves to ensure rational use of natural resources and protect the environment from negative factors.
Based on the data of state cadastres and registers of natural resources, a monetary assessment of objects is carried out, their sale value is determined, measures aimed at their restoration are developed. Information on the qualitative characteristics of the resources should serve as the basis for making decisions on providing them for use.
Currently, in Russia there is no single set of parameters. Inventories vary by types of natural resources and territories. Periodically, the data in them is updated.
Cadastral valuation is used when analyzing the rationality of the use of resources, determining the amount of payment for it, etc.
Land accounting
Among all state cadastres of natural resources, a special place is occupied by the land cadastre. The composition of the information that must be present in it is regulated by the LC. The cadastre, in particular, should contain data on:
- amount of land;
- categorization of territories;
- quality composition of resources;
- owners, tenants, owners, users;
- distribution on the use of natural resources.
The cadastre is entrusted to the bodies of the State Committee for Land Management and Land Resources.
Water objects
Their accounting is carried out in accordance with the Water Code. The composition of the inventory information is regulated by Art. 79 VK. Among them, in particular, data on owners of objects, users, volume and condition of resources.
The water cadastre is maintained in the Russian Federation according to uniform rules. Information is entered on the basis of state accounting data. The Water Code enshrines the obligation of users to submit to the regulatory authorities information to be included in the cadastre. The information from it, in turn, is used when making decisions regarding water resources management.
The government is actively involved in accounting management in the field of hydrometeorology and monitoring and in the use and protection of subsoil. Controlling structures must ensure unhindered access to the information contained in the cadastre in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Nuances
In addition to the water cadastre, VC provides for the mandatory maintenance of water balances. They include estimates for comparing water needs with available resources in a particular area. These materials are used to assess the availability, volume, degree of use of resources by the pools of objects and relevant entities. The formation of water balances is carried out by the authorized body that controls the use and protection of the water fund.
Forest fund
For its accounting, the forest inventory is used, which is maintained by the Federal Forestry Service of the Russian Federation. The composition of the information is regulated by Art. 69 Lux. In accordance with the norm, the cadastre should contain information on the legal regime of the fund's facilities, their qualitative and quantitative status, the division of forests into categories and groups, as well as their economic assessment.
The information is used to determine the environmental and economic importance of resources, select bases for harvesting wood, carry out restoration work, and carry out measures to replace low-productivity forests with highly productive lands.
Field Accounting
It is carried out by the Ministry of Nature. The state cadastre of minerals and deposits is maintained to ensure the implementation of regional and federal programs for the geological exploration and development of mineral resources, the integrated use of deposits, and the rational distribution of mining enterprises.
The composition of the inventory information is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Law "On Subsoil". In it, in accordance with the regulatory act, data on each field must be present. In particular, the cadastre contains information on the quality and quantity of the main minerals and resources occurring together with them, the components present in them, environmental, hydrogeological, mining engineering conditions. In addition, there should be a geological and economic assessment of each field, information on the revealed manifestations of minerals.
This cadastre is maintained on the basis of geological data transferred by enterprises engaged in the study of subsurface resources to the territorial and federal funds, as well as in accordance with state reporting by organizations engaged in field exploration and mining.
Additionally
In addition to the cadastre, to account for the state of the raw material base, a balance of mineral reserves is maintained. It includes information on the quality, quantity, degree of knowledge of resources for fields with industrial purpose, data on their location, level of development, etc.
In the Federal Law "On Subsoil" there is Art. 27, according to which data on the geological and subsurface structure, development conditions, other qualities and specifics contained in reports, maps, and other materials may be the property of both the state and the subsurface user.
Animal world
Accounting for its facilities is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Animal World of the Russian Federation." The cadastre contains data on the territorial distribution of animals, their abundance, habitat characteristics, information on economic use and other necessary information. It is conducted to ensure the protection, preservation, restoration of the animal world and the habitat of animals. Qualitative and quantitative accounting of the objects of the hunting fund is carried out by the Office of Hunting and Hunting, and qualitative and quantitative indicators of accounting for fish stocks in inland waters are summarized by the Committee on Fisheries.
Specially Protected Areas
Accounting for such territories is carried out in accordance with Art. 4 33-FZ, Decree of the Government of 10.19.1996. The cadastre of specially protected areas includes information on the status of the respective sites, geographical location, borders, use and protection, users, as well as scientific, environmental, historical, cultural, economic values.
Based on the accounting indicators, the state of the nature reserve fund is assessed, the prospects for the development of such territories, the effectiveness of state control over compliance with established special regimes, and the development of plans for socio-economic development of the regions are determined.
Territorial cadastres of natural resources
They contain data on the location, quality, quantity of resources, their basic assessment in relation to the environmental situation in a particular territory. This information is provided by specially authorized state agencies performing functions in the field of environmental protection.
Integrated territorial cadastres of natural resources are created to provide the executive bodies and local authorities with reliable information about the state of the country's resource potential. They represent a set of system-organized information about objects located within the boundaries of administrative territories (subjects, districts, districts). These cadastres of natural resources belong to a single information system and are designed to ensure the effectiveness of managerial decisions and the implementation of measures to protect nature, rationalize the use of raw materials and maintain environmental safety.
Complexity is achieved through the use of integrated indicators, expert estimates obtained from the analysis of credentials, environmental monitoring parameters and state statistics.
Appointment
Integrated cadastres of natural resources are used by public associations, organizations, authorities at all levels, individuals for:
- Developing strategies for sustainable social and economic development of administrative units.
- Harmonization of resource-related relationships between rural and urban areas.
- Leveling the level of social and economic development of regions within the borders of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
- Identification of strategic directions of private and public investment, guaranteeing the inexhaustible use of the country's resource base.
- Other goals aimed at ensuring the conservation of nature.
Structure
Today, state cadastres of natural resources are formed using modern telecommunication and geoinformation technologies. This means that their structure includes systems for the creation and support of digital plans and maps, databases for recording facilities, and ecosystem pollution. In addition, cadastres and registers of natural resources contain software and technical tools for remote work in different modes. Thus, they are a distributed base oriented towards the end user. In each cadastre of natural resources there are 3 subsystems:
- information and reference;
- accompanying;
- expansion subsystem.
The first is intended to provide structural units of state bodies with the necessary information on environmental facilities, the rational use of the resource base on a specific scale in a given detail. These data are provided in the form of documents of the established form, as well as visual information tools (maps, charts, diagrams, etc.).
The accompanying subsystem of the cadastre of natural resources is used to maintain the relevance of the databases of semantic and graphic information, mathematical support for the functioning of the information and reference subsystem. The whole structure should work within the regional network.
The subsystem for expanding the cadastre of natural resources is designed to organize the replenishment of information on semantic and graphic databases, the introduction of fundamentally new details and layers into them, the connection of new mathematical models, the formation of an interface to provide newly introduced models with information from old databases, while eliminating duplication of data. It should be noted that this element is, in fact, the key. Its functioning ensures the operation of the first two subsystems, their stability in constantly changing external conditions.
At the first stage, cadastres of natural resources for land, water, and forest funds are included in the complex information databases. Mandatory elements are bases on geobotanical resources, wildlife, mineral deposits, atmospheric pollution, air protection, industrial and household waste.
Fields of application
Information of natural resource cadastres is stored on machine carriers and adapted for use by decision makers in the areas of:
- Ensuring the implementation of management decisions in the environmental and resource area at the level of subjects and municipalities.
- Implementation of functional zoning to establish on-site use regimes that are environmentally sound and enshrined in regulations.
- Organization / reorganization of location on the territory of the productive forces.
- Implementation of targeted investment programs for the development of individual administrative units.
- Changes in the base and structure of taxation.
- Resource conservation, efficient use of resources and environmental protection.
- Ensuring environmental and sanitary safety.
- Differentiation of competence and authority to manage the raw material base between the Russian Federation, regions and municipalities.
- Privatization of natural resources.
In the process of forming and maintaining cadastres of natural resources, computer systems for collecting, storing, processing and using information are used. Issues related to the choice of scales, software, hardware are resolved by authorized government bodies of entities with the participation of interested industry departments, the Federal Cartography Service. At the same time, the need to ensure the coherence and comparability of information base and geographic information systems management systems used in different territorial and industry cadastres is taken into account.
Territorial cadastral centers
The list of tasks of the shopping center includes:
- Classification of objects and resources, determination of priority objects for inclusion in the inventory.
- Development of requirements for the forms and volumes of submission of industry information for an additional list of indicators for solving territorial administrative tasks.
- State registration of data on natural resources for cadastre, their initial social and economic assessment.
- Conducting an experiment to improve the accounting process and socio-economic analysis.
- Development of requirements for programs of technical and personnel support for the formation of cadastres.
- Development of a plan for the process of making management decisions on environmental management.
- Development of regulatory documents governing the process of environmental management.
- The selection of pilot areas for the implementation of pilot projects for the creation, maintenance and use of inventories.
To determine the order of interaction of the shopping and recreation center with the federal branch cadastral services, the executive structures of the entities can enter into agreements with relevant departments, services and state bodies.
Information on the mandatory list of integrated inventory indicators is free for access by interested management structures. The rules for using information in the interests of other users are determined by the decision of the regional executive branch in accordance with applicable law.
Funding for the development of regulatory and methodological support for standard projects, the creation and maintenance of a single integrated inventory should be made from all available sources. Among them, not only the budget, but also the own funds of enterprises.