Speech Disorders. Classification of major defects

As you know, at an early age, children may experience certain violations in the field of presentation of thought. In order for the child to get the opportunity for normal socialization, such deficiencies need to be addressed. Let's look at what speech impairment can be . Classification of common defects will be presented below.

Classification

Children with impaired speech function belong to a special category of individuals. They have no deviations in intellectual development compared to their peers. However, defects in the oral, as well as violations in the written language, will certainly negatively affect the formation of certain aspects of the psyche.

Today, in the field of speech therapy, several classifications are used, according to which, certain defects in the presentation of thought are identified. The first is psychological and pedagogical. The second is clinical and pedagogical.

What provisions are more objective in identifying speech impairment? The classification of both plans is successfully applied by speech therapists. Different points of view on one problem do not contradict, but only complement each other.

Clinical and pedagogical classification

The presented classification has a bias towards collaboration with medicine. However, identifiable defects here are not tied to specific diseases.

According to the clinical and pedagogical classification, speech therapists distinguish a total of 11 forms of violations. Two forms concern writing disabilities. The rest allow you to identify flaws in the oral presentation.

The following types of speech disorders are distinguished here:

1. Afonia - disorders that arise as a result of pathologies of the vocal apparatus. In this case, phonotor defects, voice distortions, vocal disturbances can be observed.
2. Tachilalia is an accelerated pace of speech.
3. Bradylalia is a pathological slowdown in speech.
4. Stuttering - interruptions in the rhythm and pace of speech. The reason is the periodic convulsive state of the muscles that form the speech apparatus.
5. Rinolalia - defects in the pronunciation of individual sounds, which alternate with a change in the timbre of the voice. The cause is the anatomical defects of the speech apparatus.
6. Dyslalia is a difficult pronunciation of sounds during normal muscle development of the vocal apparatus and healthy hearing.
7. Dysarthria is a defect, the essence of which is the incorrect pronunciation of individual sounds and words.
8. Alalia - underdevelopment or complete lack of speech. The reason most often is the defeat of the corresponding sections of the cerebral cortex at the intrauterine or early stage of development of the child.
9. Aphasia - partial or complete loss of ability to reproduce sounds. It is caused by the presence of local brain lesions.
10. Dysgraphia - specific, characteristic for a specific individual, a violation of written language.
11. Dyslexia is a manifestation of partial defects during reading.

Psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders

The identification of defects here is based mainly on psychological criteria. According to the classification, the following violations are distinguished:

1. Phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech is a violation in the pronunciation of sounds and words of the native language.
2. General underdevelopment of speech is a systemic problem, the presence of which may be due to the mental retardation of the child. This, in turn, affects the individual's unconsciousness of the semantic and sound sides of speech components.
3. Stuttering - according to the psychological and pedagogical classification, is considered as a defect in communication skills with the correct formation of the speech apparatus.

What can be affected by underdevelopment of speech?

Children with speech underdevelopment often suffer from difficult, slow adaptation in society. In order to ensure socialization by speech therapists, targeted correction of defects is used. Without this, in the future, certain shortcomings in the intellectual, sensory and volitional spheres may be observed in children.

Possessing a sufficiently developed thinking, children with speech therapy problems often experience difficulties in forming thoughts, building logical connections. With insufficient attention of parents to existing problems in the speech sphere, later, the child may experience disruptions in the motor sphere. In particular, children with a lag in the development of the speech apparatus are often unable to perform as much coordinated teamwork as their peers.

Deviations can be observed in the emotional sphere of a child with speech impairment. Such children are characterized by self-doubt, lack of interests, increased irritability, difficulties in establishing contacts with others.

These and other problems may affect the future of children who have speech disorders. Classification and identification of existing defects allows you to start work on correcting deficiencies in a timely manner.

Finally

So we examined the main speech disorders. The classification of deviations of the psychological and pedagogical plan was previously used in speech therapy practice only to identify problems. The final conclusion was taken by neurologists. Today, doctors are increasingly applying both classifications in parallel, since this approach helps to make a more accurate diagnosis and develop effective methods of speech correction.