Lad is one of the primary concepts in Russian music, which has several meanings at once. Let's consider in more detail.
Most often, the word means the major or minor mode. In addition, so-called scale. This is also a musical concept. This is called a series of consecutive sounds that are located in height and follow each other up or down. Each key is individually called a step.
Diatonic frets
Diatonic is a system of intervals, which consists of seven steps. All sounds in it can follow in pure fifths. She is able to compose different modes depending on the location of the foundations in the scale. This is a specific concept. The abutment is a subjective name, a stable step, to which an unstable gravitates.
Diatonic modes were formerly called church or folk. They consist of seven steps. In their structure they are very similar to natural major or minor. Therefore, they are also commonly called natural.
But it is worth considering the following. The diatonic scale is independent and does not depend on the natural major or minor. The difference between the two is that the tonic becomes different, not the 1st stage.
Diatonic modes are used in solfeggio (a discipline aimed at developing musical hearing). This improves intonation and helps to feel and remember the characteristics of each scale.
Kinds
There are such frets:
- Ionian. Natural major. Named after the Ionian tribe in ancient Greece. It belongs to the group of major moods, as well as Lydian and Myxolid.
- Phrygian. Minor with lowered 2nd stage. Comes from the historical region of Phrygia.
- Aeolian. Natural minor. Aeolians - the main ancient Greek tribe. Previously, this scale was called Hypodorian.
- Lydian. Major with increased 4th sound. It was named in honor of the territory called Lydia, which was located next to Ancient Greece. Musicologists call him the lightest of diatonic scales.
- Dorian mood. Minor with increased 4th stage. It was widely used in the Middle Ages and antiquity. The name comes from an ancient Greek tribe. The Dorian mood has a minor inclination, as do the Aeolian and Phrygian.
- Mixolidian. Major with a reduced 7th sound. The name comes from the Lydian fret with the prefix, which translates as "mixing". In the ancient Greek system, it was called hypolidian (and also hypophrytic).
- Lokrisky. Natural minor, in which the 2nd and 5th steps are lowered.
Diatonic frets in music
Seven-step scales have a variety of sound colors and are extremely popular in folk music. Composers in their work use them to create folk color and achieve a specific style of expressiveness that distinguishes diatonic modes from minor and major. For example, in the opera The Snow Maiden by N. Rimsky-Korsakov, as well as in the operas of M. Mussorgsky, Khovanshchina and Boris Godunov.
The “Gypsy Song” by P. Tchaikovsky vividly illustrates the harmonic colors of the Phrygian minor.
The diatonic modes of the minor mood helped to create many wonderful examples of Russian music. Arrangements of folk songs, choral polyphony, tunes are present in the masterpieces of world classics, the works of the greatest Russian composers: M. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Dargomyzhsky, S. Taneev and many others. Of course, the success of the works does not directly depend on the use of diatonic modes. Only the composer's skill in applying the basics of modal intonation and organically “weaving” them into music makes it unique.
Diatonicism in Russian musical works is complex and multifaceted, based on an endless change of modes and deep connection with the past.
Gamma
This is a series of consecutive sounds that go up or down within one or two octaves.
Octave - the gap between two keys with the same name (for example, from "re" - to "re"), which covers 8 sounds.
All scales are divided into two groups: major and minor.
Major
Consider this concept in more detail. Major scales are built according to the following principle:
- two tones;
- semitone;
- three tones;
- semitone.
Harmonic - a major scale in which the 6th step is lowered. For convenience, it is worth explaining in the form of intervals:
- tone;
- tone;
- semitone;
- tone;
- semitone;
- one and a half tones;
- semitone.
Melodic - in it the 6th and 7th steps are lowered. When the gamma goes up, these sounds are reduced, and in the opposite direction, cancellation occurs, and the gamma sounds in its natural form.
The easiest way to play the piano is rightfully considered gamma in C major (C dur), since it does not contain signs with a key and consists only of white keys (in kind).
Minor
Consists of sequential order:
- tone;
- semitone;
- two tone;
- semitone;
- two tones.
Harmonic - the 7th step rises.
Melodic - 6th and 7th steps rise. In it, the first 4 notes sound in minor, and the next 4 notes in major.
The elementary minor scale for playing the piano includes A minor (A moll).
It is worth considering the following. There are chromatic scales that consist only of halftones.
Do not forget the following. Minor and major scales, in turn, are of two types:
- Sharp. These are the keys that, with the key, have a sharp - a symbol that requires an increase in sound by a semitone.
- Flat Gammas that have the key sign flat - a symbol that implies a decrease in sound by a semitone.
Consider why this is necessary. Major and minor scales are used to develop the pianist technique, improve hand coordination and finger fluency. Used as exercises, warm-up before the game. With constant practice, they increase muscle endurance.
For the same purpose, diverging scales play: after climbing, the arms diverge, and then reconnect and follow down together. This complicates the exercise and prolongs it.