Highways are those arteries that connect various regions and towns of the country. The most important for our state are the federal roads of Russia. But the importance of other highways is also not necessary to underestimate. Let's find out how motor roads are classified, and also make a list of federal roads in Russia.
Types of Road Classification
First of all, let's find out on what grounds motor roads can be grouped . Depending on the criteria, there are several types of classification:
- by value;
- by type of coating;
- by property;
- by class;
- by category.
Below we consider each type of classification in more detail.
Classification of roads by value
This type of classification in the Russian Federation is determined by a special federal law on roads, published in 2007. According to him, the tracks are divided into federal roads of Russia, regional, intermunicipal and local. What this means is discussed below.
Federal highways of Russia are highways of national importance. They are funded from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.
Regional roads are automobile roads administered by authorities in the regions. They have local, regional importance and are funded from the appropriate budget. If the regional highway provides access to major transport interchanges or other particularly important objects, then in the Russian classification of roads it is indicated by the prefix A, and all others by the prefix K.
Intermunicipal roads serve to connect settlements within the boundaries of one region, but have a lower level of importance than regional routes, and even more so the federal highways of Russia. All intermunicipal routes are indicated by the prefix N.
All other roads are local roads. Often they are located within the boundaries of one district or even a settlement and are of significant value only to him. Funded from the budget of the unit of self-government to which they relate.
Types of roads by type of pavement
According to the type of coverage, automobile roads are divided into only two types: hard-coated and unpaved. Moreover, the former are divided into several subspecies: asphalted, laid with pavers, reinforced concrete tiles, etc. Dirt roads generally have no artificial surface.
It should be noted that the list of federal roads in Russia does not include any soil transport routes. Also, you will not find any such roads among the routes of regional and inter-municipal significance. But among the local roads, they can meet.
Property Types
According to the right of ownership, communication lines are divided into national, regional and private. If the issue of determining the owner of national and regional roads does not arise, then private matters are somewhat different. So, they can belong either to some organization or to an individual. However, we note that the practice of private routes in Russia is not yet very common.
At the same time, it should be emphasized that all roads that are on the list of federal highways in Russia belong to the state.
Classification by class
There is also a classification according to the class of roads. According to her, motorways are divided into three types: highways, express roads and ordinary roads.
The main difference between highways and simple highways is that the first type of highway does not allow access to the traffic flow on the highway adjacent to one level, while the second type is possible.
On ordinary routes, a lower speed mode is established than on the above two. In addition, unlike highways and express roads, on such roads intersection with bicycle, automobile and pedestrian routes in the same plane is allowed.
A mandatory attribute of motorways and express roads is the presence of four or more lanes, with a width of each 3.75 m.
It should be noted that in different sections of the same road can have a different class.
It should be noted that all of these types of highways are included in the list of federal roads of Russia, but among the regional highways, motorways are no longer available.
Breakdown of roads by category
Classification of roads into categories can be considered a more scrupulous breakdown of routes by class.
All motorways have category IA, express roads have IB, but regular routes are divided into five categories at once - IC, II, III, IV and V. The difference between IC and all other categories of ordinary routes is that it requires the presence of a dividing line markings for highways and expressways. The remaining categories of ordinary roads differ among themselves in the total number of lanes and their width. In addition, unlike other options, tracks with category IV and V allow intersection with railway and tram tracks at the same level.
All roads of category IA, that is, highways, are included in the list of federal highways of Russia.
Federal Ways
Now let's dwell in more detail on which routes are included in the list of federal highways of Russia. It includes absolutely all the autobahns that connect Moscow with the capitals of other state entities, or connect it with the central cities of the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, the list of federal highways of Russia may include paths connecting the administrative centers of various regions, if such highways are of particular importance. Also, this list sometimes includes the most significant connecting roads, in particular those that provide access to the largest transport interchanges or to communications of federal importance, for example, to large ports.
Russian federal roads are of particular importance for the country's transport system.
Classification of federal roads
All roads included in the list of federal highways of Russia have their own separate classification. About her and will go our further discussion.
The federal roads of Russia are divided into two main types: general use and European routes.
In addition, when numbering the roads connecting Moscow with foreign capitals or regional centers, the prefix M is used. For those routes that connect the central cities of the regions with honey, the prefix R. The federal highways of Russia, which are of great importance as connecting and access roads, are numbered prefixed with A.
List of federal roads with the prefix M
Now let's take a look at the list of federal roads in Russia. Federal highways of general importance connecting Moscow with European capitals and regional centers have the following names:
- M1 - to Minsk.
- M2 - to Yalta.
- M3 - to Kiev.
- M4 - to Novorossiysk.
- M5 - to Chelyabinsk.
- M7 - to Ufa.
- M8 - to Arkhangelsk.
- M9 - to Riga.
- M10 - to St. Petersburg.
- M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow (under construction).
List of other federal roads
The list of federal highways of the Russian Federation, which connect the central settlements of its constituent entities, includes 34 routes. The most significant of them are:
- R23 Belarus - St. Petersburg.
- P56 Pskov - Novgorod.
- P92 Eagle - Kaluga.
- P119 Tambov - Eagle.
- P120 Belarus - Eagle.
- P132 Ryazan - Kaluga.
- P208, P209 Penza - Tambov.
- P216 Stavropol - Astrakhan.
- P217- "The Caucasus".
- R239 Kazakhstan - Kazan.
- P298 Kursk - highway P22.
- P351 Tyumen - Yekaterinburg.
- P402 Omsk - Tyumen.
- P404 Khanty-Mansiysk - Tyumen.
- R600 Ivanovo - Kostroma.
Federal highways of the Russian Federation, which serve as connecting and access roads, have 75 names. The most important ones are as follows:
- A103 Shchelkovskoe highway.
- A109 Ilyinskoye highway.
- A113 Central Ring Road.
- A164- “Transkam”.
- A181- “Scandinavia”.
- A375- "East".
European roads
In addition, there are federal roads in Russia that have the status of European transport routes. The following highways can be attributed to them:
- E18 Finland - St. Petersburg.
- E20 Estonia - St. Petersburg.
- E22 Latvia - Ishim.
- E28 Poland - Kaliningrad - Lithuania.
- E30 Belarus - Omsk.
- E38 Ukraine - Voronezh - Kazakhstan.
- E40 Ukraine - Volgograd - Kazakhstan.
- E50 Ukraine - Makhachkala.
- E58 Ukraine - Rostov-on-Don.
- E77 Poland - Pskov.
- E95 St. Petersburg - Belarus.
- E97 Ukraine - Georgia.
- E101 Ukraine - Moscow.
- E105 Norway - Yalta.
- E115 Novorossiysk - Yaroslavl.
- E117 Georgia - Mineralnye Vody.
- E119 Moscow - Azerbaijan.
- E121 Samara - Kazakhstan.
- E123 Chelyabinsk - Kazakhstan.
- E125 Ishim - Kazakhstan.
- E127 Omsk - Kazakhstan.
These federal highways of Russia are important not only in that they ensure domestic traffic, but also guarantee the stable operation of international transport links.
Asian routes
In addition, there are Asian international roads. In the classification, they are indicated by the prefix AN. But it should be noted that Asian routes are simultaneously classified also by the prefixes M, P and A, depending on what significance this route has.
For example, the P258 Baikal route, passing from Irkutsk to Chita, is part of the Asian route AN6 Belarus - Busan (Republic of Korea). Similarly, the M10 highway St. Petersburg - Moscow (another name for the road is “Russia”) is part of the Asian route AN8 Finland - Iran and at the same time forms part of the European route E105 Kirkenes (Norway) - Yalta.
Roads under construction
Among the roads included in the list of federal highways of Russia, only one is currently under construction - M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow. Its main task will be to reduce the flow of vehicles from the M10 “Russia” highway, which runs almost parallel and also connects the two Russian capitals. According to the plan, some sections of the new high-speed highway will be paid. In 2014, the first section of the route was opened for drivers. Previously, it was planned that the thoroughfare would be fully operational in 2018, but due to the onset of the economic crisis in the country, the deadlines could significantly shift.
In addition, there are a number of interesting projects that, if implemented, would receive the status of federal highways. But at present, all of them are only at the stage of an idea.
Road condition
It should be noted that most federal roads have satisfactory coverage. As for those routes that are subordinate to the authorities of the regions and individual municipalities, their condition is significantly different. It all depends on what part of Russia they are located, and how much money local authorities can allocate for their repair and restoration.
Of course, in the Russian Federation, many local roads are in pretty good condition, but there are also a sufficient number of tracks whose condition is simply disastrous, requiring immediate repair of the canvas.
Federal Highway Management
Management of roads of federal significance is vested in the shoulders of the state-owned company Rosavtodor, or, as it is called by a different name, the Federal Road Agency. This company was founded in 2004 and reports directly to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. From 2012 to the present, its leader is Roman Viktorovich Staroviyt. Rosavtodor evaluates the quality of roads of federal significance and makes decisions on repairs if necessary. The company also draws up a schedule of scheduled road repairs.
In addition, in 2009, the state organization Russian Highways was founded, headed by S. V. Kelbakh. The routes of M1, M3 and M4 were transferred to the management of this organization.
The Importance of Federal Roads
It is difficult to overestimate the importance that the federal roads of Russia have for the country's transport system. The list presented earlier indicates that they connect the most important settlements and communications for the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is very important to ensure their content in a satisfactory form, to prevent destruction, the correct distribution of the traffic flow.
Moreover, in order to optimize the flow of road transport, a number of major federal highways should be built, the construction of which is likely to happen in the near future.