Sectors of the economy are related industries. In their interaction, they form a single system. The company in market conditions is considered the main business element. His role is quite significant in this whole system. The country's economy does not just give it a specific place as a whole. The company is distinguished by its mandatory membership in a particular economic sector in particular. Further in the article we will consider in detail what the sectors of the national economy of the Russian Federation are.
general information
It is no secret that the country's economy as a whole is a rather complex and dynamic organism. The whole system is represented in different directions, which is explained by the diversity of the production process itself. The structure of sectors of the economy reflects its structure, the ratio of all links and existing subsystems, the relationships and proportions formed between them. The study of different areas is important for the development of economic activity of the state, the optimization of its components.
The spheres forming the system
From the perspective of the release of public aggregate goods and the creation of income, two fairly large areas are distinguished: the non-production part and material production. The latter consists of several subsystems. It:
- industry;
- freight transport;
- forestry, agriculture;
- communication serving production processes;
- trade;
- computing and information systems;
- catering;
- construction.
The following elements are distinguished in the non-production sphere :
- Housing and communal services;
- social security;
- physical education;
- Passenger Transportation;
- serving the population and organizations in this sphere;
- art and culture;
- insurance and credit systems;
- public education;
- healthcare
- scientific services in particular and science in general;
- the activities of the administrative apparatus.
To date, the whole system includes a huge number of organizations, companies, associations.
System structure
Summarizing the characteristics of economic processes, the components of the entire industrial complex are usually divided into sectors. This term should be understood as the totality of all institutional units that differ in similar functions, behavior, tasks. There is a classification of subsystems in accordance with the direction of activity. So, in the Russian Federation they distinguish the external sector and the system, which includes state institutions, enterprises and households. Let's consider them in more detail.
Enterprises
As part of this sector of the Russian economy there are various organizations. The activity of some may be aimed at making a profit. Others have the status of "non-profit" companies. The scope of enterprises includes financial and non-financial companies. The latter should include commercial organizations engaged in the release of goods or the provision of services for profit. Non-financial enterprises are non-profit associations that do not pursue the goal of benefiting from their activities. The regulatory authority is also significant in this classification. Depending on its nature, state, non-state and foreign enterprises are distinguished. The financial sector of the economy includes both non-profit and commercial associations. The activities of enterprises in this area are aimed at mediation, insurance, security and so on. The banking sector includes the corresponding enterprises (Central Bank of the Russian Federation, for example). Other commercial companies are also included in this industry. The financial sector of the economy includes investment funds, sponsorship, pension, insurance, leasing, charitable foundations and organizations, exchanges and other enterprises.
Government Offices
This sector of the economy includes various bodies of the judicial and executive, as well as the legislative branch. The same area of activity includes social security funds and nonprofit corporations controlled by them. The scope of state institutions, in turn, is divided into the federal, regional and municipal sectors of the economy. The upper level controls the lower. The activities of state institutions are regulated by law.
Household
The agricultural sector of the economy mainly combines consuming elements. These, in particular, include various farms and enterprises that they have formed. This sector of the economy is divided into several more. Farms as a whole are classified by the branch of labor, qualifications and specialization of the person acting as the head, as well as, by the nature of occupation. Taking into account the type of income, specialists note the following subcategories: employed, profitable from property, employers. The subgroup may include households by the number of members, the amount of total income, or their location.
"The rest of the world"
This sector of the economy includes a set of institutional units. These elements are non-residents located in other states. Moreover, they have consulates, embassies, communications, bases and other organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation. This sector of the economy is closely linked to the country's foreign policy. It includes not only non-resident organizations, but also those associations with which they interact.
Other species
Considering the economic activity of the country as a whole, experts also highlight the public as well as the private sector of the economy. The first subgroup includes institutions, companies, associations, enterprises, the control of which is ensured by the state administrative apparatus. State regulation does not apply to the second subgroup. There are also non-market and market sectors. Such a classification is established from the standpoint of attitudes towards the trading sector. For a particular sector of a market economy is characterized by the presence of the production process. Enterprises are engaged in the production of goods, the formation of a variety of services intended for marketing at a cost that affects demand. In the same subgroup barter of products or offers is carried out, stock of finished products, payment of remuneration for labor in kind. Within the non-market sector of the economy, there is a release of services or products used by the owners of the enterprise or directly, by the manufacturers themselves. Here, the transfer of manufactured goods or services can be carried out free of charge or at a cost that does not significantly affect demand. In this area of activity, the primary sector of the economy should be distinguished. It brings together industries that are associated with the extraction of various raw materials and their further processing. The primary sector of the economy is of great importance for the development of the country as a whole.
Industries
It should be noted that sectors in the economy are formed from homogeneous types of occupations. These activities are called industries. In accordance with international statistics, the entire economic system is divided into “production of goods” and “provision of services”. The first category should include agricultural activity, industry, construction and other areas of production of material assets (utilization of raw materials, publishing, picking berries, and so on). The services industry should include education, general government, trade, healthcare, defense and more.
Intersectoral complexes
These categories are formed within or between economic sectors. An interbranch complex should be understood as an integration system, which is characterized by the presence of interaction of different components and fields of activity, stages of production and distribution of products. For example, in industry, one can distinguish metallurgical, fuel energy, and engineering sectors. Complexes in which various sectors of the economy are combined have a more complex structure. These, for example, include the construction site.
Target and functional systems
This classification is based on various criteria. So, for example, the reproductive principle is characteristic of target complexes. The basis of this intersectoral system is the criterion of participation in the production of final products. Examples include transport, fuel, energy, and agricultural complexes. Functional systems are based on the criterion and the principle of its specialization in accordance with a specific task. In this case, environmental, scientific and technical, investment complexes can be cited as examples. The unification of the emerging diversity is a consequence of improving the quality of the part in production aimed at meeting social needs.
The development of the economic structure in the Russian Federation
According to most experts, the system of the national economy is not constant. Changes in it can occur both spontaneously and under the influence of regulatory state activities. In addition, various internal and external conditions have a great influence. The latter include competition from overseas manufacturing enterprises. Of particular importance is the external economic situation - the state of world trading floors for specific types of products, as well as the cost of oil. Internal factors include investment activity, the competitiveness of manufactured goods, production capacity and potential, the degree of solvent demand.
Factors affecting the development of the economy
Among the main tools that contribute to the development of the country's economy, one should mention targeted programs, subsidies, state investments, purchases, as well as various preferential concessions for enterprises, industry groups, and regions. According to analysts, the need for restructuring, improving the economic activity of the Russian Federation is due to a change in priorities in the country. The administrative-command system has been replaced by long-standing market relations. In this regard, the nature of economic activity should be consistent with the current state of affairs. Improvement and development in accordance with the requirements of the time are possible in Russia due to a number of factors. Important are the presence on the territory of the country of extensive natural reserves, human resources, as well as the implementation of continuous scientific and technical research.
Conclusion
In Russia, various programs are being developed to maintain and further develop the economy. In particular, in the oil industry it is supposed to continue the formation of vertically integrated associations. Their activity is aimed not only at mining, but also at processing raw materials obtained from the bowels of the earth. The metallurgical enterprises provide for the continuous expansion of the volume and quality of rolled metal products. To implement all that is planned, it is necessary to use high-tech equipment, new advanced production schemes. Due to the projected increase in metal prices, this industry is one of the most attractive for investment. This, in turn, will quickly lead to the recovery of these enterprises. For industries characterized by a high scientific and technical level (for example, the production of space rocket complexes, the nuclear industry, biotechnology, heavy machine tools and others), the state provides direct support. It is expressed in the form of export loans, various kinds of subsidies, state investments and purchases. However, the main method of restructuring the Russian economy is the re-profiling and winding up of companies with reduced legal capacity, increasing the production of goods that are most in demand both on the external and domestic markets. An integral part of improving the system is the formation of optimal conditions for the development of advanced and promising activities that form the actual economic potential of the state.