Wood products are an integral part of everyday life. From this material both dimensional constructions and small details, things, etc. are created. Often it is necessary to connect different parts to get the product of the desired configuration. For this, appropriate joinery joints are used. They can be very different. Types of connections in the carpentry, their choice and features of the creation will be discussed below.
Features of the compounds used materials
What joinery joints do you know? An experienced master can name them a few dozen. The fact is that universal compounds do not exist. In each case, you need to choose the most suitable option.
In construction, the furniture industry, in the manufacture of natural wood products, it is often necessary to combine a variety of details. They can be connected motionless, but there are collapsible connections. In the first case, fastening is carried out using glue, nails, self-tapping screws, staples or other additional means. It is impossible to disassemble such a connection during operation. One-piece varieties of compounds are used in carpentry much more often.
However, in the production of, for example, folding furniture or transforming models, it is sometimes necessary to create collapsible joints. In this case, glue or other fixing elements are not used.
Joinery joining of wood involves a combination of certain details in a certain way. They can be bars, boards, shields, etc. These are the primary elements of the product. Parts can consist of one piece, two or more elements that have previously been glued together. In some cases, parts are made by plywood.
After connecting two or more parts, a knot is obtained. It can be a shield, box, frame, and more. Using existing compounds, the finished product or part thereof (unit, plant, etc.) is obtained.
When choosing a connection, it should be borne in mind that the finished product must be durable, strong, functional, aesthetic. Therefore, the master should not only possess theoretical knowledge about the correct choice of the type of joint, but also be able to handle the appropriate tool. Only in this case he will be able to create a connection that meets all modern requirements and standards.
Varieties
There are different types of joinery joints.
They are regulated by GOST 9330-60 and can relate to one of the groups specified in the standard. The compounds may be as follows:
- By lenght. This allows you to combine parts that adjoin each other with their ends. This category includes splicing and building. One of the most commonly used options is a spike connection. There are several varieties of such combinations. What joiner studs do you know? Each joiner has his own experience in using such joints.
- Along the edge. This type of alignment is called rallying. It is used for two or more workpieces in order to obtain a wide part.
- Corner end. The principle is similar to joiner studs. But in this case, the details converge at a certain angle. This technique is used during the creation of furniture.
- Corner median. When creating such a connection, one part adjoins the other either with its end face, or intersects it completely at a certain angle. In the first case, the connection is called the adjacency, and in the second - the intersection. This technique is mainly used to create shields.
- Box binding. It is used for compounds of wide elements. Most often, such joints are made when assembling boxes, boxes. This type of connection may also be terminal or median.
The docking method is selected in accordance with the purpose of the product.
Splicing and building
In the lessons on joiner studs, much attention is paid to this particular type of joining. They have a lot in common. Splicing is the connection of two parts located horizontally along the length. The extension allows you to increase the length of parts that are vertically relative to each other. This, for example, may be a cost bar.
Splicing and building is one of the main types of joining in joinery. They are used to obtain long bars, pillars. Usually long parts are not cut from one board. This technique is used in the construction process. Also during the repair of carpentry may require building or splicing.
When using the presented method, stair rails, a strapping beam for a building, baseboards and other similar products are obtained.
Most often, hardwood is used to create long parts. Small bars are cut from it, which are glued together in width and length. The process of creating such blanks involves the use of even business waste from the woodworking industry.
Joinery joints of parts of the type presented are also used to create door leafs, window frames. In this case, coniferous wood is more often used. Modern adhesives are highly durable. With their help, it is possible to create an almost imperceptible seam.
There are several basic ways of building and splicing:
- Back to back. In this case, the elements are connected at the ends. They are cut flat at a right or other other angle.
- Trim on the half-tree. The part in this case most often has a square or rectangular cross section.
- Spiked. This is a special protrusion of the corresponding form. On the second part there is a recess, which corresponds in its configuration to the protrusion. The joiner's spike can be round, flat, or oblique (for example, the dovetail joint (in the form of a trapezoid), which is often used during construction work).
- Wedge-shaped castle.
Varieties of splicing and building
There are many varieties of compounds of the present type. The most common way are wedge-shaped carpentry studs. In this case, a large bonding area is formed. So it turns out to provide tight compression. The spike connection is characterized by the ease of marking and creation. In this case, the processing of wood can be performed using a machine.
What joiner studs do you know? There are many varieties of them. When splicing one and a half, you can create different parts that are not affected by significant loads, for example, skirting boards, paneling. In this case, oblique cutting is done at an angle of 45º. In this case, a miter box is used to achieve cutting accuracy.
If the part will be subjected to a load, cutting should be sharper. It is called an oblique mustache. In this case, a wide spike runs along the entire length. This allows you to create a strong connection. It is used even for curved parts in places of bending.
If transverse compression acts on the parts, a half-tree straight cut is applied. Often the pad is additionally fixed with two pins. To the pad does not move, the ends are cut at an angle. The combination of parts with a straight spike and shoulders is stronger.
If the parts are under tension, they are spliced with a dovetail spike. But such parts need support from below.
If the parts are almost flat, you can make a double dovetail spike. But this is a rather complicated technique, so it is rarely used.
If parts have a lower support, they also experience pressure from above and tension. In this case, a double dovetail combination would be a better option.
What joiner studs will be acceptable if the parts are supported below and experience forces displacing them in opposite directions? Often in such cases, splicing with a round spike is used.
Rallying
Considering the joinery joints of wood parts, it is worth noting such a variety as rallying. It is used for joining narrow parts. This allows you to get a workpiece of greater width. In rare cases, this technique is used to build thickness.
The front side is veneered. They are pasted over with wood, which belongs to the category of valuable species. Cohesion involves the following types of compounds:
- Into a smooth puffer. In this case, an adhesive composition is used. The edges of the parts are firmly bonded to each other. Then they are glued together. Next, the workpiece is placed in special equipment. It can be presses, workbenches or squeezes. In this case, screws, wedges and other clamps are often used. The adhesive dries under pressure. It is extruded along the seam line.
- Dowels and spikes. Holes or sockets are made at the edges of the high-quality parts. Rectangular spikes or round protrusions (dowels) are inserted into them. In this case, the spikes should have a thickness of not more than 1/3 of the thickness of the parts.
- In the tongue. In one of the edges, a groove in the middle is selected. This is a dowel, which should be no more than 1/3 of the thickness of the part. In the opposite edge make a ridge, the configuration of which corresponds to the groove. Such joints may be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.
- At a quarter. At the edges, choose material up to half the thickness of the workpiece. The same size makes longitudinal recesses. They are called quarters.
- On the rail. It differs from the joint in the tongue in the shape of the grooves. They additionally choose a rail.
- On the dowels. Select in the form of tapers tapering up and along the length. They have a trapezoidal shape and a depth of 1/3 of the thickness of the part. Dowels that have a beveled edge are driven into the grooves. It corresponds to the type of groove. This connection prevents warping of the shields.
- At the tip. A block is glued to the end edge of the shield. The shape of the tongue-and-groove may be of a rectangular, triangular or other profile. Such a connection is used for ends that are difficult to finish.
Corner joints
There are many other varieties of joinery joints. In a separate group, angular joints are allocated.
Knitting in this case occurs at a certain angle. Such compounds are divided into box and frame views. The most commonly used joints of the presented type are:
- Overlay. This is a simple but less reliable type of combination of parts. At the end, material is selected up to half the thickness of the workpiece.
- Frame straight spike. This is the main type of corner joints. The spike enters the nest. It can be single, double or triple. The choice is made depending on the strength requirements of the part. The socket can be open on one side. It is called deaf. If the nest is open on both sides, it is called through. There are openings on three sides. They are called the eye, which is located at the end. The nest can also be in the middle part.
- Oblique spike "dovetail". This is a strong joint, which is preferable to a straight tenon. A joint of this configuration is not sawn in a parallel direction with respect to the edges. The base of the spike should be 1/3 of the thickness of the bar. Its end should be 3/5.
- On the dowels. This is knit on dowels or round dowels. The connection is less durable than spike, but it is more economical. In this case, no allowance is required.
- On the mustache The ends are cut diagonally. This joint is used both for bars of the same and different widths. The slope angle of the cut may be different.
Adjacency
Joinery joining can be done by abutment. This is a kind of corner joint.
In this case, the end of one bar adjoins the middle of another part. Such a connection is made in half the tree (overlay). The spike can be oblique or straight, semi-countersunk or through. In some cases, abutment is performed on dowels.
Box connections
Box joinery joints are classified as angular. They are widely used in the manufacture of furniture and the manufacture of carpentry. Such connections can be made using straight or oblique spikes. Their number depends on the width and thickness of the parts (shields). A spike is made at both ends of the parts to be joined. That part, which has an eye on the edge, has one more projection.
Box-type joints can be deaf, through, on a clean mustache or half-melted. The choice depends on the area of application of the products. Through joints are used for parts that are located inside the workpiece, as well as on the front sides, if you plan to cover the surfaces with plywood.
If the part is open only on one side, the workpieces are connected halfway. If they are open from all sides, the flush technique is applied. Insertable spikes may be used. But this type of docking is the least durable.
Box adjacencies are created using straight through spikes, grooves with a comb. They can be rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal in shape. Grooves are used if protruding ends are undesirable from the outer edge.
Glue application
Joinery joining is often done using glue. This is a common technique that is used in the manufacture of furniture and other products. If you connect the wood using only glue, you get a very strong joint. Modern compositions have high strength after solidification. This result can only be achieved if the parts have been correctly fitted and correctly connected.
This method is used not only for panel joints on a smooth fugue. The technique allows you to stick plywood on the frame, perform the lining. Also, when gluing from several thin blanks, a thick part is obtained.
Plywood
Plain wood is pasted over with boards, which is called cladding. Plywood is pasting with sheets of precious wood. In this case, a special type of adhesive joint is used. This technique allows not only to improve the appearance of the product, but also to make the surface more durable.
Plywood can be sawn, peeled or knife (planed). This procedure is carried out on one or two sides. In the second case, the strength of the product is significantly increased. Plywood can be glued in one or more layers.
If single-sided plywood is used, the sheet is glued with fibers parallel to the direction of the base fibers. With bilateral, they need to be arranged mutually perpendicular.
Due to shrinkage or drying of the glue and warping of the plywood, the base may also be deformed. For this reason, concavity is formed. Such deformation will be the greater, the smaller the ratio of the thickness of the shield to its width. If the bar is well dried, its thickness will not be less than half the width, then warping is not observed.