The desire for aesthetics was noticed in ancient times. Some people ask themselves the question of how the work of masters developed. This review is about art such as design. The history of design, the emergence of theory and the stages of formation - all this is discussed further. Having made a short trip to the past, the reader will learn how the styles of interior design, clothing, and landscape have developed.
Design definition
Translated from Italian, the word “design” means “design”, “composition”, “model”. In Russian, it appeared recently, but art itself began to take shape many centuries ago. A modern specialist engaged in the considered type of activity should know many features from subject areas and be able to correctly use them in practice when creating projects. Masters of their craft work in collaboration with architects, customers, builders, suppliers and contractors and organize the internal space.
History of Design Theory
The first ideas about the relationship between beauty and benefit came from the ancient Greek scientists Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Aristippus, Protagoras. At that time, there were already works on the connection of man with machines. The creative direction under consideration has the following versions of origin.
- In the middle of the XIX century, the development of industrial production created the need for a new type of activity aimed at designing and giving aesthetics. That is how the design was formed.
- At the end of the XIX century, the basic rules of the theory and principles were formed, which later influenced the schools of masters. So design began to combine art and craft.
- At the beginning of the 20th century, artists occupied high positions in industry. They developed the corporate identity of enterprises and were able to influence the production of various electrical appliances and automobiles. So design has become an artistic and industrial activity.
- The appearance of a graduate is associated with the formation of design schools in the XX century.
Periodic publications have made and continue to make a great contribution to the theory of the origin of the history of design.
How did the design evolve? 1st and 2nd stages
The formation of this art in Russia is intermittent: after high growth, there was a low decline. But aesthetics has always been and remains a strong point. The evolution of design can be divided into several steps.
At the first stage (1917-1922), the creation of the design was carried out in the collision of production with mass agitation art, as well as the active design of street celebrations and political processions. During this period, new approaches to the development of advertisements, posters and book products began to be applied, which was the beginning of the development of graphic design.
At the second stage (1923-1932), Russia became one of the main centers for the training of professional designers at production faculties. At this time, certain concepts were formed that guided the further development of art, and projects began to be developed to equip homes, workplaces and public places. Triumph in collages, type compositions, book designs, poster graphics.
History of the development of design: 3rd stage
Creative activity in 1933-1960 was stopped due to the introduction of the principle of standardization, applicable not only to the person, but also to the created environment. For this reason, the era of unity of aesthetic conceptualism has ended. Design was divided into several areas: subject-household, decorative and engineering and technical.
Design Evolution: Stage 4
The development of art resumed at the fourth stage, which became significant in history. In the early 60s, the first theoretical developments in the field of web design appeared. In 1961, VNIITE (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics) was established. His publications won first places in European culture. Considered creative activity has become very popular. Many standards were revised, and all attention was concentrated on consumer goods. Influenced by Western European graphic design schools, the style of periodicals has changed. In the 70s, the eclectic trends of retro styles were highly regarded.
When a private form of ownership appeared and competition intensified (late 80s – early 90s), Russian advertising became one of the important tools for promoting a business. It was then that interest in graphic design greatly increased and the release of publications distributing goods and services increased.
The origin of interior design
People have always sought to create a beautiful atmosphere in their home. That is why the services of professional designers remain in demand today. The history of interior design begins in ancient times. In a primitive man, a cave was considered housing, which he adorned with stones, skins, drawings on the walls, tree roots and other improvised objects.
Ancient Egyptian art began to take shape during the Early Kingdom period. Culture was clearly expressed by the principles of monumentality and static. At this time, the construction of elevated tombs with funeral rooms began. The most significant architecture was the mastaba. The era of the Middle Kingdom is considered the foundation period of the carpentry art. In Egypt, a seat with a backrest first appeared, which later became the template for all chairs, which has become part of a modern design.
The history of interior design was complemented by architectural products from Ancient Greece: stone slabs, mosaics, wood, bricks - all this was used for the construction of temples. The walls and ceilings were plastered and decorated with paintings. A special place in the country in question was occupied by theaters. Instead of doors in residential buildings, fabric curtains were often used to decorate home furnishings. They were applied mythological or historical images. The furniture was decorated with pretty inlays and murals.
Ancient Rome also left a mark on the history of interior design. The inhabitants of this country actively built baths (antique baths), the interior decoration of which was distinguished by real luxury: vaulted ceilings, mosaic floors, pools, gardens. In the setting often used gold, silver, marble, wood, bronze, ivory.
Gothic culture was formed in France. It was in this country that twisted columns and lancet forms of arches were used. The walls of the living quarters were covered with plaster, and murals were made on the ceilings. Heraldic shields and weapons were installed in the ceremonial halls, and woven reed rugs were laid on the floor.
Features of the formation of landscape design
The arrangement of the space around his house was relevant at all times. In this regard, the history of landscape design developed along with humanity, although the name appeared about 200 years ago. If before people were strongly attached to nature and kept a garden, now they create a special look around their home for beauty.
The first parks for walks appeared with the beginning of the slave system and belonged to the wealthy sections of society. The better the financial situation of the owner, the more beautiful were the gardens surrounding his home. In each country, landscape design developed in its own direction.
In ancient Egypt, priests grew different flowers with sophisticated aromas, and lotuses were located on the surface of water bodies. During the reign of Cleopatra, roses were cultivated. In Thebes, pergola was widespread, a structure made of plants and clusters of grapes, stretching across the yard.
The development of landscape art in Persia began with the creation of reserves with different species of animals (wild boars, lions, artiodactyls), intended for hunting. It was from the Persians that the neatly trimmed hedges came, dividing the park into different zones.
China and Japan are countries developing under the influence of ancient philosophies and religions, calling for the unity of man with nature. Therefore, in the gardens of these inhabitants there were water bodies, stones or arbors, creating a peaceful and harmonious design.
The history of landscape design in Russia is similar to the European one. In the 17th century, botanical greenhouses and parks appeared. Then they began to grow tulips, hyacinths and daffodils that came from Holland. Life changed over time, and new styles gradually replaced the old ones. Especially changes in garden architecture are noticeable in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Fashion Evolution
The history of fashion design began to take shape from ancient times, as people have always sought to create beautiful, warm and comfortable things. Depending on the culture, special outfits, hairstyles and accessories were made. Clothing design divided peoples according to their property and caste status (warriors, officials, merchants, peasants). The active development of fashion began after the appearance of fabrics, threads and sewing machines.
The primary sources of fashion design are workshops in France and Italy, whose tailors have become real professionals. During the Middle Ages, the art in question did not develop, since non-standard clothing was not welcome. However, changes took place in the Renaissance, and the history of fashion was supplemented by new events: there were festive clothes, underwear for ladies, as well as velvet and silk. The neckline became deeper, and the neckline of the dresses increased. The spirit of the times has always had a great influence on design.
The history of women's clothing design of the XX century was supplemented by strict male models of trousers and a jacket. War also left their mark, after which coats appeared. Currently, there is fashion in every country, and couturiers show their work to the whole world.
Design is a direction of creative activity that never stops at the achieved level. People have new needs and ideas, and masters of their craft bring ideas to life or create their own original style. Therefore, the art in question is in constant development.