House dust contains ticks, bacteria and their waste products. Because of this, residents of the house may develop an allergy. Dust accumulating in the lungs often leads to chronic diseases, as well as problems with the immune system. To avoid all these troubles, ventilation networks are installed in residential buildings. This concerns, of course, including multi-apartment buildings. The ventilation schemes in multi-storey buildings can be used different.
Natural air circulation system
In Soviet times, the construction of high-rise buildings was equipped with the simplest exhaust system. The only element of its design was a ventilation riser. The sources of air flow in such rooms were windows and openings in the windows. For example, in most cases, such a ventilation scheme was implemented in multi-storey buildings of the Stalinist construction, as well as in the "Khrushchev".
Today, such a ventilation system for effective ventilation, of course, is not enough. After all, windows in apartments are sealed. Yes, and windows in the winter for airing someone will hardly open. Therefore, a simple exhaust ventilation system is now usually supplemented with special supply valves.
Such devices are most often installed under or near windows. In their design, they have a special element that allows you to adjust the flow of air entering the room.
Artificial ventilation
When using valves for the supply of fresh air to the riser, a fan can be additionally installed in the building to exhaust the exhaust air. Such a system is already called exhaust and cleans the air in the house more efficiently.
Another type of such networks used in multi-storey buildings is supply. In this case, a special device is installed in the apartment, forcing air from the street. Such designs are called breathers. They are usually designed for ventilation of rooms up to 40 m 2 . In addition, breathers are complemented by special filters that clean the air of dust, gases and odors.
In old houses, supply air valves, exhaust fans and breathers are in most cases installed by the apartment owners themselves. Such equipment is relatively inexpensive and can be mounted very easily.
Systems in modern homes
Ventilation schemes in multi-storey buildings P-44T, P-44, old large-block and Stalin, thus, the simplest ones are provided. During the construction of new multi-apartment buildings, systems of a slightly different design are mounted. In this case, it is initially envisaged that air cannot penetrate through modern sealed windows into rooms.
Most often in multi-storey buildings today more complex supply and exhaust systems are mounted. The use of such ventilation schemes in multi-storey buildings makes it possible to make ventilation the most effective. In this case, dirty air ducts are laid in the building. To them, in turn, ducts stretch from the apartments.
In low-rise buildings in the future, all mines are combined into a single collector. The latter is usually located in the attic. In high houses, special booster satellites are equipped. Later they join the main highway. An exception when using such a ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building is the last two floors. In them, the mines that discharge the polluted air are passed directly outside. They do not connect to a common riser.
In the sanitary rooms of the apartments under the ceiling, vents are arranged at the same time, to which exhaust ducts are connected.
In some new buildings, even more complex ventilation systems with special air intakes, treatment plants, chillers and exhaust fans can also be mounted.
How can air flow
The removal of exhaust air masses in modern homes is thus done through a riser system. Their influx can be provided in different ways. If the streams do not heat up before entering the apartment, they are usually input from above. This solution allows you to speed up the process of mixing cold and warm air in rooms.
If the supply air is heated before being fed into the premises, the input is carried out above the heating equipment or directly from it. Similar rules should be observed when developing ventilation schemes for multi-storey buildings of the 800, I-464D, P-44 series, etc.
Arrangement of ventilation: standards
Mounted similar engineering systems in apartment buildings with mandatory zoning for cleanliness. Design ventilation systems of such buildings in such a way as to exclude the possibility of overflow of dirty air from utility rooms to residential. Also, when developing ventilation schemes in multi-storey buildings, the following requirements are observed:
ventilation during operation should not make noise and buzz;
tenants of apartments should be able to control the incoming air flow;
if the windows are mounted without opening window panes, natural ventilation cannot be equipped in them;
the finished system should work effectively in all weather conditions;
To reduce the cost of heating the supply air, the home ventilation system should be supplemented with shutdown or standby modes.
Ventilation openings in bathrooms and kitchens in rooms should be located at least 2 m above the floor. In addition, such systems need to be designed in such a way that the air exchange in apartments is 115-140 m 3 / h (for typical houses). It is also permitted by the standards to mount networks providing air exchange of 30 m 3 / h for each person living in the apartment.
Such standards should be taken into account when developing ventilation schemes for multi-storey buildings I-464D (panel nine-story buildings), "Khrushchevs", buildings of the Stalin era and, of course, new buildings. Otherwise, living in them will be uncomfortable for people.
Two main types
Indoor ventilation in modern apartment buildings, among other things, can be:
with air mixing;
with its displacement.
In the first case, fresh streams are delivered to the premises at a high speed. Because of this, in the apartment they are mixed with spent ones and removed beyond its limits. Thus, ventilation schemes are usually developed for multi-storey buildings of 81 series (large-block), brick, monolithic concrete, as well as buildings with impermeable vapor barrier.
Removing contaminated air from rooms in such structures is quite difficult. Therefore, it is important for engineers to approach with all responsibility to such a procedure as the development of a ventilation scheme in a panel multi-story building, in a house made of brick or concrete blocks.
In the second case, air flows from the street to the premises very slowly. As a result, they do not mix with the exhaust air, but simply gradually displace it.
Rules for laying ventilation ducts
Such designs today are included in the ventilation scheme of multi-storey panel houses and any other very often. They call the channels connected in the rooms to the main mine, satellites. Such ducts mate with the riser through several floors. When building modern houses, they are built into the walls. Sometimes it happens that it is impossible to lay ducts in this way. In this case, they are suspended or hemmed under the ceiling. At the same time, make sure that the difference in installation height of the supply and outlet channels is at least 3 m.
In some cases, horizontal sections may also be included in the duct structure of the building ventilation system. According to the regulations, the length of such elements should not exceed 3 m.
Production material for ventilation ducts
The ventilation shafts laid inside the walls usually have brick walls. If the ducts are laid outside, they are in most cases made of metal. Brick shafts in cross section usually have half a brick in width and depth. This type of moves is most often, of course, assembled with a square section.
Metal ducts are made of steel with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.4 mm. Their cross section is also determined by standards and usually does not happen less than 0.015 m 2 .
Ventilation blockage
Such engineering systems in multi-storey buildings are not particularly complex in design. But in some cases, the ventilation of an apartment building may fail. This usually happens when blockages occur in mines and hoses.
In particular, residents of old buildings often have to solve this problem. The ventilation scheme in the multi-storey buildings of the Stalinist building, as well as in the "Khrushchev" was used the simplest. However, mines in such systems are still periodically clogged.
In addition to old houses, ventilation problems often arise, unfortunately, also in modern high-rise buildings. For example, ventilation schemes in multi-storey buildings of 22 floors or higher are used standard. The mines in such buildings, however, are usually of considerable length. Therefore, they are clogged, unfortunately, very often. At the same time, unpleasant odors from the lower floors begin to flow into people's apartments located above the problem place.
On their own, such problems are forbidden to residents of the house to eliminate standards. The only thing the landlord can do is remove the ventilation grill and clean the area of the shaft adjacent to it. If this problem persists, the residents will have to contact the management company and call specialists.
Unfortunately, very often at the moment an extremely inefficient ventilation scheme is used in prefabricated houses, multi-storey buildings made of brick, or any other. In this case, as already mentioned, apartment owners install supply valves under the windows, as well as exhaust fans in the riser. Standards are allowed to do this when the wall thickness in the apartment does not exceed 40 cm.
How to check the operation of home ventilation
To determine the presence of blockage in the riser of such an engineering network will be completely simple. To do this, cut off a strip 3 cm wide and 15 cm long from the newspaper. Then it should be brought to the outlet at a distance of 5-6 cm. If the strip sticks to the decorative grill, then the ventilation in the house is working properly.
Sometimes on the Web you can find a recommendation to check the operation of the ventilation system with a match or a lighter. Follow this advice is not worth it. Ventilation schemes in high-rise buildings P-44, 121, 81, etc. are developed taking into account, of course, including the safety of residents. But, unfortunately, in ventilation shafts in some cases, nevertheless, for example, various kinds of combustible gases can accumulate. This rarely happens, but the likelihood of a similar situation still exists. In this case, open fire can, of course, lead to an explosion.
How to clean the outlet yourself
If during the check a piece of newspaper does not deviate towards the outlet, you can try to remove the blockage in the mine yourself. Sometimes it happens that the dust simply clogs the neck of the riser exit into the apartment next to the decorative grill. In this case, you can try to clean the channel using an ordinary toilet brush with a long handle. To consolidate the effect, then the channel can also be additionally vacuumed using a long tubular nozzle.
When cleaning the ventilation system of an apartment, it is worth observing, among other things, some caution. Unfortunately, in the struts of such networks, wasp nests and rodents of various kinds are often arranged.
How valves are mounted
With their own hands, such devices are usually installed by apartment owners under the windows. This method is convenient primarily because the air entering the premises from the street in the winter is heated from heating radiators. That is, the installed climate in this case does not affect the microclimate in the house. In addition, the operation of supply devices located in this way will be most effective in the future.
The valves are usually mounted as follows:
The most difficult part in this procedure is, of course, the first stage. Sometimes the supply air holes are in the walls under the windows initially. For example, in the ventilation scheme of high-rise buildings of series 121 (panel improved layout) they are provided in the kitchen. But in some cases, owners of apartments have to make holes for the valve separately. To perform this procedure, you can invite a specialist or do it yourself.
Most often, with their own hands, the owners of the apartments drill holes in the walls under the valves using a hammer drill. In this case, its outline is first marked on the wall. At the same time, make sure that the diameter of the hole is slightly larger than the cross section of the valve nozzle. Further, holes are drilled along the contour in increments of 10-12 mm. After that, the material inside the circle is knocked out with a chisel and hammer.
Installing the fan in the riser
Such devices, which make it more efficient to remove exhaust air from the apartment, are usually mounted in vents located under the ceiling in the bathroom. Such fans are installed at the same time most often by the following procedure:
remove the decorative lattice from the vent;
dust is removed from the adjacent part of the shaft;
remove the decorative grill from the fan itself;
seal the fan housing with sealant and insert it into the outlet;
put on the fan a decorative lattice.
At the final stage, the exhaust device is connected to electricity.