Protectorate is a term that refers to the field of international politics. It is directly related to England, in the political life of which there was a period of protectorate. The origin of the token is associated with the word "protector." Detailed information that this is a protectorate will be presented in the article.
Dictionary word
In the dictionary you can find three meanings of the word "protectorate":
- Firstly, this is one of the options for colonial dependence, which is characterized by the fact that two states sign a special international treaty providing for the transfer of one of these states to another to conduct their external affairs. The first recognizes the supreme sovereignty of the second, but at the same time autonomy in the domestic politics and dynasty of rulers is preserved.
- Secondly, this is the name of the state itself, which agrees with the above dependence, for example, a colony or occupied territory.
- Thirdly, this is the name of the period in the history of England, which lasted from 1653 to 1659 and was called the Cromwellian dictatorship.
To better understand that this is a protectorate, the origin of the word should be considered.
Etymology
As the etymological scientists were able to establish, the roots of the token are in the Indo-European language, where the base teg is found, which means “to cover”. Further from it in Latin, by connecting the prefix pro with the meaning “forward, for, for, instead of” and the verb tegere - “to cover, to cover” the verb prōtegere was formed, meaning “to cover, to protect”.
Then came the Latin noun prōtēctor, which came from the latter, which translates as “protector, guardian, patron”. From him in English the noun protector was formed in the same meaning as in Latin. It was the basis for the formation of the English word protectorate, which by borrowing appeared in Russian.
Protectorate Examples
Among them are the following:
- Algeria, Crimean Khanate, Tripolitania - in the 16th-19th centuries, protectorates of the Ottoman Empire.
- In the years 1775-1791. - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the protectorate of Russia.
- Under the same protectorate in 1786-1801. - Kartli-Kakheti kingdom.
- Concluded under pressure from Napoleon Bonaparte in Paris in 1806, the union of German monarchies that left the Holy Roman Empire.
- Under the protectorate of Great Britain in 1803-1858. - India of the Mughals.
- Bahrain, Aden, Bechuanaland (modern Botswana), Uganda and other countries under, Ritanian protectorates.
- Under the leadership of the Russian Empire - a group of Kazakh tribes and clans called "Younger Zhuz" in the Kazakh Khanate.
Having understood that the protectorate is a peculiar form of the state, we should talk about it as a period in history.
The final stage of the English revolution
It covers the period 1653-1659. and is called the protectorate of Cromwell. Then Oliver Cromwell was the protector lord in states such as England, Scotland, and Ireland, and after his death in 1658, Richard, his son, took over this position.
In 1649, after the execution of King Charles I, the parliament announced the abolition of the monarchy, the declaration of England as a republic controlled by the parliament and the officials whom he appoints.
But what happened after this war and riots significantly strengthened the role of the army elite, led by Commander-in-Chief Cromwell and relied on radicals such as the Independent Puritans. He brutally suppressed the unrest of the poor in England, Scotland, Ireland and the speeches of parliamentarians.
In 1650, Cromwell's cavalry defeated the superior forces of Prince Charles, the son of the executed king, who had landed in Scotland. At this, the civil war was completed, and the prince fled to France.
In April 1653, when members of parliament wanted to make their membership lifelong, Cromwell dispersed the parliament and began to rule the country alone. The constitution, adopted by the newly elected parliament, proclaimed Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector for life, assigning him virtually royal powers.