Throughout its life cycle, interacting with the environment, a person faces a number of dangers. Security, as a state of protection of vital interests, is one of the primary human needs. The purpose of studying the discipline "Life Safety" is to obtain information on how to provide protection and comfortable living conditions for a person. The axioms of BZD set forth the main provisions of this science.
Terminology
Life safety is a branch of science that studies the types of negative effects and ways to protect against them.
The central concept of the BZD theory is potential danger. It is represented by all those phenomena, events and objects that can cause harm to humans. Danger is an inherent property of the habitat. Life safety science is engaged in the study of human interaction with the outside world. Security is another key concept in the discipline. It means a state of security that excludes the occurrence of negative influence.
The principles, axioms and laws of the Belarusian Railways are based on the study of the interaction of man and the environment. We study four interrelated elements: the homosphere (characterized by the presence of a person), the knoxosphere (determined by the presence of danger), the biosphere (the total activity of living organisms on the planet) and the technosphere (artificial, human-made part of the biosphere). 9 axioms of Belarusian Railways are irrefutable statements derived in the course of analysis of human activity.
Dangers and their taxonomy
Danger is an integral component of the environment that accompanies a person throughout the entire life cycle. It is characterized by damage to the health or functioning of ecosystems, as well as a threat to life. Danger can be formed by the environment, directly by the person and his activities, or as a result of the interaction of these two systems. It occurs at the intersection of the knox and homosphere.
Hazards are classified depending on the origin, duration of exposure, type and size of the distribution zone.
By its origin, it is of three types:
- Natural and climatic factors form a natural hazard. These are natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, volcanic eruptions and so on.
- In the technosphere, man-made hazards may arise . Most often they are industrial in nature. These are various physical and chemical deviations of the biosphere: sudden changes in air temperature, excessive dustiness or gas contamination, increased noise level, radiation.
- Man-made danger is a consequence of abnormal human actions.
The duration of the exposure divides the risk of harm into a constant, continuously acting for a certain period of time, a variable that occurs in cyclic processes, and an impulse (one-time) process. Impact zones are divided into domestic, urban and industrial. The extent of the hazard is global, local, regional and interregional.
Basic principles
Safety theory is presented by a number of axioms of Belarusian Railways, the basic principles and methods are practical skills aimed at its maintenance. Environmental studies help identify potential hazards and organize measures to prevent their implementation. The principles of the Belarusian Railways are aimed at the development and implementation of measures to ensure human protection. They have four varieties.
Orienting principle
According to it, an accumulation of general information occurs, with the use of which a search is made for the best methods for providing the Belarusian Railways. This is the systematization, selection and rationing of the characteristics that a potential hazard has. Its use is aimed at reducing and eliminating damage. Guiding principle is the principle of risk reduction. If it cannot be completely eliminated, the risks are reduced.
Destruction, as a principle, deals with the identification of factors whose elimination can eliminate the occurrence of an accident.
Managerial principle
He discovers connections in the process of providing protection at its various stages. This is, first of all, the control and planning of human activity. Management principles also include compensation and incentives, which consist in the provision of benefits and incentives. It is understood that the managerial element should regulate the responsibility of persons ensuring safety and have feedback with the rank and file in order to improve working conditions.
Organizational principle
There are several subspecies of this section. Protection by time - determination of the optimal period of time, which, perhaps, is under the influence of negative factors without significant harm, and optimization of the storage time of various substances. Identification of incompatibilities helps to determine the territorial and temporal framework for the interaction of certain substances with each other. Ergonomics takes into account the requirements for the workplace and the place of rest to ensure the Belarusian Railways. Recruitment ensures the proper qualifications of employees. Redundancy, that is, the simultaneous use of several methods and means of protection, increases the degree of security.
Technical principle
It is based on the use of technical equipment with certain physical and chemical properties. These are compression, evacuation, shielding, phlegmatization and blocking of substances in order to protect people from their harmful effects.
In addition, there is such a principle as distance protection. That is, a distance is established between the source of danger and the object of protection, which allows you to keep the object outside the zone of negative impact.
The principle of the weak link provides for the deliberate use of an element that fails when the system malfunctions, stopping the entire process and preventing the spread of negative influence. The principle of strength, by contrast, involves enhancing the performance of the most important links.
BZD Methods
Achieving safety occurs by studying the influence of the homosphere and the knoxosphere on each other. There are three methods:
- separation of the knox and homosphere;
- normalization of the knoxosphere;
- human adaptation.
The first method means production automation and remote control. Elements of robotization, isolation of potentially hazardous equipment are used. The second method is to optimize the workflow in such a way as to eliminate the influence of harmful factors. If the knoxosphere cannot be separated from a person or normalized, you have to use those techniques and tools that will help the body adapt to potentially dangerous work. Preparation consists in physiological and psychological training, as well as the use of protective equipment.
The main axiom of BZD
This statement is the first and main postulate in the discipline. The main axiom of the Belarusian Railways can be formulated as follows: any action and inaction is potentially dangerous. That is, in a system of interaction between humans and the environment, it is impossible to achieve a state of absolute security. The axiom about the potential danger of the Belarusian Railways also interprets that if the action itself is not harmful, then it can create or entail the risk of harm.
Any activity, use of any means and technologies carries both positive and negative properties. It is important to note that harmful factors are often hidden. Examples of the BZD axiom in practice may look like dustiness and gas contamination of the atmosphere. These factors arise as a result of the work of manufacturing enterprises, the use of automobiles and other means, which simultaneously have a positive impact.
Axioms of BZD
The second postulate states that the effectiveness of any activity can increase the creation of maximum comfort conditions. That is, any activity can be optimized. In relation to the technosphere, this axiom of the Belarusian Railways can be considered from the point of view of the occurrence of malfunctions and defects of equipment, without the elimination of which there is a risk of injury. And non-compliance with the rules of operation can lead to pollution of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere.
According to the third axiom of Belarusian Railways, there is a possibility that the source of danger can spontaneously lose stability or adversely affect the object for a long time. These properties of an activity are called residual risk.
Residual risks are the primary source of negative impact. This is the fourth axiom of Belarusian Railways. Safety, according to the fifth postulate, is achievable if the negative impact of the summarized sources of danger is within acceptable limits. The sixth axiom echoes the fifth, arguing that environmental friendliness is also achievable with limited negative impact.
Axiom No. 7 suggests that the permissible value of anthropogenic impact is ensured by observing safety and environmental conditions. According to the eighth postulate, environmental and biosecurity means have a priority of use and are subject to control by responsible persons. The ninth axiom claims that environmental friendliness and safety in production activities is achieved when the employee has the appropriate qualifications and skills.
Axioms of Impact
The source of danger is able to form negative flows. These are substances, energy, information. Three postulates about the impact of potential hazards on humans are formulated:
- The environment can affect a person both positively and negatively.
- Streams emanating from a source of potential danger are not selective, equally affecting the biosphere and all its elements.
- All threads act together. It does not depend on the number of sources of danger.
It is important to understand that the flow is regulated and controlled by law. Knowing the maximum permissible values of the negative impact can reduce its impact on humans and the environment.