The word "expertise" has Latin roots. In literal translation, the term expertus means knowledgeable, experienced. There are many different types of research. In our article, we will consider the features of conducting identification examinations.
Terminology features
Currently, the word "examination" means a study carried out by a subject or group of persons knowledgeable in technology, science, craft or art, engaged on behalf of (interested) persons to obtain answers to questions that require special knowledge. This procedure is carried out to resolve disputes, establish or confirm facts. The study is carried out by a special person - an expert. This subject has knowledge that the initiators of the procedure do not have.
What is identification?
Identification and diagnostic examinations are mainly aimed at identifying signs by which one or another condition, process, phenomenon can be determined.
Identification in itself is the establishment of the identity of a person or an object by a complex of particular and general characteristics. Simply put, in the course of a comparative analysis of fragments or mappings, the identity of the object to itself is established in various periods and in various states.
Forensic Identification
As mentioned above, studies requiring special knowledge are often performed to resolve disputes. In civil proceedings, for example, construction, engineering and other types of examinations are carried out. Criminalistic identification examination is aimed at establishing the identity of a single and specific object. In this, it differs from studies in other scientific fields.
Mandatory factors
Achievement of the objectives of identification examination is ensured by the observance of a number of conditions. In particular, to conduct a study, an individually defined object is required, stable signs characterizing it. Identification examination is carried out according to the displays of the indicated features. The results of the study are attached to the case file. They are used subsequently to establish the truth.
Customs
When products are moved across the border, they are documented. Often, this necessitates an identification examination of the goods. Among all studies conducted by customs officials, this procedure is considered fundamental.
The tasks of the identification examination are to establish the chemical and physical properties, qualitative and quantitative composition of the products, allowing them to be determined in accordance with the HS. The procedure is considered as an activity aimed at identifying the conformity of objects with the requirements of technical, regulatory documents, as well as with the information present in the accompanying papers and on the labels.
Identification Examination Technique
The study is carried out by:
- Examination and verification of documents.
- Visual assessment of samples.
- Product testing.
The following identification methods are considered basic:
- Organoleptic. It involves the identification of products by name, purpose (type), identity, properties characteristic of the species being identified, in accordance with technical documentation and standards.
- Instrumental. It involves testing in accordance with the approved list of regional and international standards, and in their absence - national standards of the participating countries of the CU. These regulatory documents contain the rules and methods of testing, measurement, sampling.
Types of identification
They qualify depending on the purpose:
- Species (assortment) identification examination. It involves the establishment of conformity of a variety of products by its assortment of accessories, the name present in the label, or other information available on the product. This procedure is carried out to identify inconsistencies, falsification of goods.
- Group Identification Examination. In the course of this study, identity with products of a homogeneous subgroup / group is established. For this purpose, as a rule, the parameters of the functional purpose of the object are selected.
- Establishment of country of origin. As identifying signs, the details of accompanying documents or marking may act. However, this information may be falsified. In this regard, for each species, and in some cases for naming, specialists need to know what specific criteria can be used for identification. Sometimes the original packaging or the appearance of the product is enough. In some cases, identification is done by the manufacturer.
- Brand research. It represents the establishment of the authenticity of a product of a particular brand or its modification. In such cases, only specific features that are characteristic of products of a particular brand of a particular manufacturer are used. The difficulty lies in the fact that the necessary information is a trade secret and is not accessible to either controllers or other interested third parties. Identification requires genuine samples. They can be obtained directly from the manufacturer, purchased at a company store or at a point of sale that receives products directly from the manufacturer.
- High-quality identification examination. Such a study allows us to establish the conformity of consumer properties to the requirements enshrined in regulatory enactments. In such situations, measurement methods are usually used.
Additional views
- Commodity Examination. It allows you to establish the ownership of individual copies or packaging units to a specific consignment. Such a study is necessary to ensure traceability of the location of the party or copies included in it.
- Qualimetric examination. It is a determination of the conformity of consumer properties and quality parameters to the norms enshrined in legal documentation. These signs are influenced by formative factors. These, in particular, include the recipe, the component composition of the feedstock, and technological processes. In addition to the absolute quality parameters, the identification also determines relative indicators, determined on the scale of relations or intervals.
- Complete examination. It is aimed at determining the compliance of the kit with the list of products listed in the operating documents, as well as the accessories of the components to a specific kit.
- Information Identification Examination. It is carried out to establish the reliability of product information contained in the accompanying documentation, on labels or other media.
Research value
In practice, identification examination is recognized as one of the most informative studies. Other species - veterinary, sanitary-epidemiological and other studies - supplement it, but are not required.
The need for identification is mainly determined by the fact that it is based on an assessment of key product characteristics, including organoleptic indicators. Due to this, this type of research is approaching in its content to the evaluation of products by consumers.
Due to the speed and accessibility of using the organoleptic method, the identification of the object is carried out quickly, and the resulting indicators allow the evaluation of other groups of parameters. This determines the direction of the examination and the need for additional research.
Nuances
In some cases, an identification study reduces only to an organoleptic assessment of quality parameters. However, this is not entirely true. Such an assessment is only an element of research, of course, important, but not the only one. The tasks of the examination are wider, they involve the study of all the basic characteristics of the object. Depending on the purpose of the examination, defined by the customer or the head of the research organization, specialists can choose one, several or the whole complex of basic characteristics.
For example, in case of discrepancies between the actual quantity of goods and information present in the accompanying documentation, only a quantitative examination can be carried out. In the study of fruit and vegetable products, experts simultaneously establish the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the batch.
For some food groups, the completeness indicator is of particular importance. The specialist may be tasked with conducting a random check of single copies of the product.
Conclusion
Currently, the need for an identification examination arises quite often. Often, entrepreneurs act as stakeholders. They turn to expert organizations to carry out a comprehensive study up to determining the value of the product or determining the validity of the price of goods established by the supplier.
Identification is of great importance in the field of customs. This examination allows us to establish the compliance of the transported goods with the provisions of the regulations in force within the Customs Union.
Do not go without identification in forensics. This investigation begins the investigation of almost all criminal cases.
Many experts believe that in the future the scope of the application of identification expertise will only expand. At the same time, a comprehensive study will be increasingly in demand. The fact is that even today, the determination of some individual parameters is clearly not enough to obtain reliable data. This is due, for example, to the fact that raw materials for production are supplied by one enterprise, and the technology for creating products and equipment is provided by another organization. In such situations, it is more advisable to conduct a comprehensive examination, identify several different indicators and signs at once, compare them with the standards.