Drawing and painting are two areas in the visual arts. Each has its own characteristics: techniques, performance techniques and materials and tools used. The types of drawing and painting, the quality and accuracy of the image, as well as its aesthetic properties depend on what kind of art materials the artist uses.
Drawing and painting: what is the difference?
Drawing - a type of graphics, which is a black and white or color image on paper, cardboard, made by hand. This concept includes both a simple drawing or sketch, as well as complex paintings using perspectives. For drawing use materials such as:
- simple graphite pencils;
- colour pencils;
- felt-tip pens;
- ink, ink (put on paper with pens or pens);
- sanguine;
- coal.
Drawing, unlike painting, has wider application. The figure below shows graphs of functions of the form y. This presentation of educational material helps students and students to better understand complex mathematical equations and their practical application.
Pencil drawing
One of the most used tools in the visual arts is a simple pencil. They are inexpensive. They do not require any special handling skills. By hardness they are divided into 3 types: soft (M, M2 or B, B2), medium hard (TM or BH) and hard (T, T2 or H, H2). With a pencil, you can create all kinds of drawings: from sketch to photographic image.
How to use such a tool correctly? Gennady Lee in his book "Fundamentals of Academic Drawing" advises aspiring artists to use the softest (M2) pencil. This teaches us to take a more responsible attitude to work and act more carefully. They learn to draw lines and strokes with a slight movement, barely touching the surface of the paper. A soft graphite trail is easier to erase with an eraser or a nag (soft rubber). Even slight pressure makes the lines darker and thicker. Professionals can achieve the desired tone ratio using the hardest (T2) pencil.
Pencil technique
When working with pencils, special attention is paid to the technique of execution - hatching. Contours are drawn not with long lines, but with short strokes. Also, shading darkens areas on a sheet of paper. It should convey not only the tone, but also the texture of the subject. In this case, the lines are laid parallel and tight to each other.
The figure shows graphs of functions of the form of complex mathematical formulas that cannot be depicted without using special tools without taking their hands off the sheet. This can be done only by applying the image with short strokes. But it is precisely from such simple lines, ovals, or sinusoids that all visible objects consist.
When working with colored pencils, the same tools and techniques are used as with simple graphite ones. The main difference is that the drawing is colored.
Markers
These bright sticks with solid rods, leaving a saturated color on the sheet, appeared recently. Therefore, in the old drawing textbooks nothing is written about them. The lines drawn with a felt-tip pen have an even bold mark not only on the surface, but also on the back of the sheet of paper. Therefore, it is not suitable for painting large areas. It is used for highlighting, loose colored hatching.
Felt-tip pens are used when you need to create a picture in the form of signs, inscriptions. It is suitable for drawing graphs, especially if it is necessary to draw several lines on them, displaying different functions or calculation results.
Ink and ink
Fountain pens and ballpoint pens, which use ink and ink as a coloring pigment, are used not only in calligraphy, but also in drawing. According to their capabilities, they are not inferior to pencils, but they have some features. Ink and ink are laid on paper or cardboard in plain, uniform lines, regardless of pressure. That is, the tone does not change. Therefore, they are rarely used when creating a photographic three-dimensional image. But they are suitable for such types of drawing as a sketch and sketch.
You can use any paper, even writing paper, to work with the tool. Ink is applied easily without scratching the paper, which often happens when working with sharpened hard pencil.
Sanguine, coal
Sangina is a type of clay. Sticks are made from it and burned. It has a red or brownish color.
Coal gives a black color. It is obtained by firing in a closed oven twigs of birch or aspen. Pressed charcoal is made from simple charcoal.
Despite the fact that these are two different materials, the technique of execution and the types of patterns obtained with their help are the same. Artists often use both materials on the same sheet of cardboard with chalk. So that the image does not crumble, it is treated with special adhesive fixatives. Work with these materials should be careful, as it will not be possible to erase the painted. Even a nag will not help, and an eraser will simply smear everything into a muddy spot. For what looks like a pattern made with charcoal or sanguine, see below.
Painting: tools, materials, technique
In painting, the main tool is a brush, and the materials used are watercolor, gouache, acrylic or oil paint. They are produced in sets of 3, 6, 9, 12 or more colors. To get the paint of the desired shade, they are mixed on a palette. A palette is a plastic or wooden board with recesses and a hole for a finger. If there is no such item, then you can use a porcelain plate instead.
The image is applied to cardboard, Whatman or canvas. When using oil paint, they are primed with special gypsum-based compounds.
Watercolor
This is a water based paint. The peculiarity of this art material is that it is almost transparent. Put it on cardboard or paper with squirrel wool brushes. There are two techniques for working with watercolors: on a dry or wet sheet of Whatman paper.
Even a small child, who first picked up a brush, can work on dry cardboard or paper. A simple pencil is applied to the image. Typically, at this stage of the work, such types of drawing as a sketch and a sketch are used. First, light areas are painted, then dark. This is to ensure that colors do not mix. Mistakes are corrected by swiping paper with a sponge or brush.
Drawing on a wet drawing paper is much more difficult. Only an artist with extensive experience working with watercolor paints can perform work in this technique . The figure shows the appearance of objects with stains of paint, an almost transparent play of light. To do this, the paint is applied in circles, gradually darkening the corresponding areas. White parts of objects are not painted over.
Gouache
To work with gouache paints, brushes with synthetic bristles are used. It lies in an even opaque layer. It is applied to paper or cardboard. The technique of working with gouache is the same as with watercolor on dry paper, but with some features. Since it is opaque, a different, but different color can be applied to the paint layer. Excess gouache in the picture, as well as mistakes made during operation, are eliminated using a scraper (the angle of the ruler is suitable) or a wet brush. Applied in a thick layer, it cracks when dried. If the surplus is not removed, then after they can fall off.
Dried gouache in a jar is diluted with water to a creamy consistency. Since the paint quickly fades in the sun, wipes off, such paintings must be hung in places inaccessible to direct sunlight under glass.
Oil paint
Most of the paintings of the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery are painted in oil. The advantage of oil paint is that it practically does not fade in the sun, but dries for a long time. It can be applied as a point, this is when strokes of different colors are placed side by side, and in layers. Errors and (or) excess paint are removed with a palette knife. A palette knife is a special spatula. Sometimes it is used for applying paint. An unusual artistic effect is obtained when it lies in blocks.
Use not only thick, but also liquid oil paint. To thin it, add vegetable oil (sunflower, corn, linseed, etc.). Apply it in layers. This technique is called the glaze method. A vivid example of what a picture made in this way looks like - “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper" by A. I. Kuindzhi. The moon seems to be glowing.
The oil painting dries for about a year. If the glaze method was used, then each layer dries up for about six months. The drying process can be accelerated by adding a solvent, such as turpentine or white spirit, to the paint. Then the paint will dry in 2-3 days, and the surface of the painting will become dull. So that the surface does not crack during drying, it is covered with damp rags.
Acrylic paints
Acrylic paints are a modern art material. With their help, artists create paintings that are close in their graphic parameters to photography, with the same clarity and brilliance. They dry quickly. When working with acrylic paints , the same techniques are used as when working with oil.
Artists, along with traditional materials, use modern ones, combine them. What types of drawings are obtained in this case, it is not always possible to determine and explain. For example, a watercolor still life where the contours of objects are highlighted with a felt-tip pen. What kind of art material was painted? What kind of drawings can it be attributed to? But it is not so important how and with what to draw, the main thing is that drawing brings pleasure not only to the artist, but also to the audience.