Migration of a population refers to its movement within the country or beyond. Its various types are distinguished, which depends on the goals and direction of migration. By nature, it is family, recreational, tourist and labor. It is on this type of migration that we will dwell in more detail, consider its classification and characteristics that are inherent in this process in our country.
“Labor migration” is a term that means displacement for the purpose of conducting labor activity. As a rule, we are talking about the able-bodied population, most often under the age of 40 years. In the direction of movement stand out:
- labor emigration;
- labor migration within the country.
The first type is associated with the “leakage” of qualified personnel abroad due to the inability to do their job for a decent remuneration. Such emigration comes from countries of Eastern Europe, India, Africa. In this case, the United States, as well as Canada and Western Europe, are usually chosen as the country of entry. Another type of labor emigrants are low-skilled, including seasonal, workers. They replace vacant places that are empty due to the reluctance of the local population to work for a low salary. The negative side of this phenomenon can be called a decrease in labor costs in the market and a possible violation of law and order and emigration legislation. This leads to hostility to visitors and discontent in the country. Particularly relevant are the problems created by low-skilled labor migration for European countries, which is a topic for a separate article.
There are different approaches to the study of labor migration. In the economic approach, labor migration is considered as a way of regulating the number and distribution of labor resources and a positive factor in stimulating competition. The psychological approach studies the motivational sphere of this phenomenon. Sociological - problems of adaptation of labor migrants in society.
Migration processes within the country are also associated with the search for work, which can satisfy not only material needs, but also needs for professional growth, housing, allows you to change social status, lifestyle, etc. Internal migration can also be permanent and seasonal.
Our country is characterized by the migration of labor to the Central region, as well as temporary migration for the purpose of shift work. Over the past 2 decades, a positive migration balance has been observed in both capitals, as well as in the Krasnodar Territory and in the Volga District. The outflow of the population comes from the cities of the European North, Siberia, and the Far East. The problem of unemployment in the regions is quite acute, while there remains a need for labor resources in the northern regions where the development of deposits is ongoing.
Recently, the implementation of so far unsuccessful programs that stimulate internal migration has begun. However, until now, legislation in the field of migration is mainly aimed at resolving difficult issues related to often illegal labor migrants from neighboring countries. Difficulties in the distribution of labor are connected, among other things, with the unnatural distribution structure of the population inherited from Soviet times with reference to registration. Moreover, natural labor migration is complicated by the low level of economic development of the regions, and the relatively high cost of travel, rental housing. Therefore, despite the fact that the country has a need for additional labor resources, the population is still not mobile enough in comparison, for example, with European countries, and labor migration of the Russian population needs additional incentive measures.