Statistics are perhaps the basis without which the study of any socio-economic process or phenomenon is not possible. Statistical observation helps the scientists in their collection, on the quality of the conduct of which in many respects the correctness of the final conclusions depends. Its object is the totality of the studied social phenomena, each of which is divided into separate primary elements to simplify the study.
Statistical observation is usually carried out in several stages. At the first stage, preparations are being made for its implementation, at the second - automatic processing of the results, and at the third - proposals are developed to further improve research. Statistical observation is most often carried out according to a pre-thought out plan that identifies all the main methodological and organizational issues.
Scientists distinguish two main forms of statistical observation: by compiling and reporting, and also by conducting specially organized surveys for this. A population census is just one type of statistical survey. As for reporting, it is important to correctly understand the concept of "critical moment". This term actually means the time when these documents were registered. It should be noted that researchers obtain statistical data using a variety of methods: measurement, calculation, weighing, etc.
There are various types of statistical observation, each of which has both advantages and disadvantages. They can be classified according to two criteria: by the completeness of coverage of the totality of socio-economic phenomena or processes, as well as by the time of registration of the studied factors. In the first case, continuous and selective statistical observation is distinguished. In the second - continuous, periodic and one-time. In any case, the results of the study are checked for accuracy, completeness and the presence of errors. As for the survey, it can be continuous, selective, monographic, made using the main array method, questionnaire, current, one-time and periodic.
Reporting is a collection of information that comes from various organizations and enterprises in the relevant statistical authorities. It is divided into national and interdepartmental.
Statistical observation must meet the following basic requirements:
1) selected for the study of socio-economic phenomena and processes should be typical;
2) the facts collected must accurately and fully consider this issue;
3) to ensure the reliability of the results obtained, it is necessary to check the quality of the studied statistical data;
4) objective materials can only be obtained if there is a scientifically based plan for future research.