Almost every person perceives the word “problem” as difficulty, trouble, obstacle, delay in something.
Problem: Types of Problems
Being an integral component of the modern world, it is generated by its variability. It violates the established process of vital activity, affects all spheres of human activity, it is precisely the problem that confuses a person. Types of problems:
- psychological;
- scientific;
- social;
- economic;
- managerial;
- environmental;
- global.
Psychological problems
Psychological problems are a disequilibrium of a person’s state of mind, affecting his relationship with himself and his environment.
The following types of psychological problems are distinguished:
- Explicit - in other words, "lying on the surface." These are problems in relationships, jealousy, painful attachments, obvious fears, lack of self-control and will, expressed in laziness and unwillingness to strain.
- Hidden - present in a person, but not manifested to the extent that they are detected.
- Deep - the same hidden problems, the presence of which there are no reliable facts, but according to some signs, psychologists tend to believe in their existence.
Scientific issues
Types of scientific problems (theoretical, methodological, organizational) are a combination of theoretical and practical issues that are quite complex, contradictory to existing knowledge and need to be addressed through scientific research.
To solve scientific problems in modern conditions, the efforts of a large team of specialists of various profiles are required, each of which must have the will and determination to achieve scientific truth.
Social problems
Social problems are expressed in partial or incomplete satisfaction of the needs and interests of individuals and groups. Needs should be understood as physiological needs (clothing, housing, food), and spiritual issues (communication, education, self-realization).
The following types of social problems exist:
- Individually personal and family. This is loneliness, depression, misunderstanding, social isolation, unfavorable atmosphere in the family, guilt, internal crisis, problems in teaching children and youth, difficulties with physical and mental health (old age, disability).
- Socio-economic, associated with poverty, unemployment, an increase in the number of socially vulnerable people.
- Socio-ecological, due to the harmful effects on the human health of a polluted environment.
- Social stratification associated with the separation of people in society according to a certain sign (power, income level, profession), which causes tangible inequality between the standard of living of different segments of the population. This contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for social exploitation and manipulation.
- Behavioral, including deviant behavior, crime, social defects and abnormalities.
- Symbolization and social modeling, that is, a distorted worldview and distortion of social values.
- Socio-political, caused by a low level of social activity of the population, tension and instability of relations in society.
Economic problems
The world, driven by integration processes, increasingly comes to the need for the development of trade and economic ties between individual countries into a single global economic complex. Food shortages, requiring the right distribution among consumers, are in this case a priority problem.
The types of problems that exist accumulate as a whole, since they are completely dependent on each other. For example, the lack of important nutrient components - the food problem - negatively affects people's health, as a result, reducing the quality of the workforce. And this, in turn, negatively affects the pace of economic growth, slowing them down and causing a problem in the economic field.
Types of economic problems can be identified by the following questions:
- What to produce?
- How to produce?
- For whom to produce?
That is, it is important to correctly determine the choice of the goods produced, the resources and technologies required for this, as well as the correct redistribution of the resulting product between economic entities due to the limited number of goods created and services provided.
Management problems
Management problems are manifested when the planned indicators of goals in the labor activity of the enterprise do not meet, which causes a malfunction and malfunction of the work process. In this case, a competent managerial decision of the leader, who is very important in a timely manner to identify and diagnose the problem, can resolve the situation. Types of management problems:
- strategic, requiring the formation, clarification, study, evaluation and practical use of the database;
- tactical, resolved in a shorter time compared to strategic;
- long -, medium -, short-term and current;
- by management level: grassroots, middle and top.
To solve the problem, it is necessary to accurately establish and recognize the symptoms that caused it. The most common are:
- inconsistency in the interaction between internal units;
- poor quality of products and services;
- high costs of management and production;
- insufficient qualifications of staff and their fluidity;
- low labor productivity;
- poor sales figures;
- outdated process and significant wear and tear of equipment;
- small profit;
- huge payables.
Often the above symptoms complement each other, presenting a problem in the complex. For example, low profits are associated with high costs and poor product quality.
To take competent management of the problem into your own hands is within the power of the leader, behind whom there is a considerable baggage of knowledge and experience, competence, business intuition and the ability to feel the problem at the stage of its inception.
Ecological problems
Environmental problems are mostly caused by human activities aimed at satisfying their interests and making negative changes in the natural environment. Such types of environmental problems as:
- The destruction of the ozone layer that protects living organisms from the harmful effects of solar radiation. The main reason for the appearance of "ozone holes" (spaces with a low ozone content) is the significant concentration in the atmosphere of freons - highly volatile chemicals widely used in everyday life and production. Decaying in the upper layers of air, they form chlorine oxide, which destroys ozone. The weakening of the ozone layer leads to inhibition of photosynthesis in plants, a decrease in crop yields, and an increase in the level of ultraviolet radiation on Earth, which contributes to an increase in the incidence of skin cancer.
- The greenhouse effect resulting from the heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere, capable of transmitting short-wave solar radiation through itself and at the same time inhibiting the thermal long-wave radiation of the earth's surface. Gases (nitrogen oxides, methane, freon, carbon dioxide) form a certain greenhouse roof above the planet, returning most of the heat to the Earth, which causes its accumulation in the surface layers of the atmosphere. The result of this is such negative consequences as an increase in sea level due to melting ice, an increase in rainfall, a change in the direction of winds and ocean currents, an increase in temperature, and natural warming. An international conference on global atmospheric climate change was held in Kyoto in December 1997, in which 159 countries participated. Its result was the adoption of an agreement providing for a general 5.2% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
- Acid precipitation, which is a natural phenomenon (rain, snow, fog) with high acidity due to the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. As a result of this, inhibition of vegetation, a decrease in forest growth, crop yields, and oxidation of lakes, leading to the death of algae and fish, occur.
- Recycling - unused residues of raw materials, semi-finished products, materials generated in the process of production and consumption of products.
Congestion of the planet with garbage containing toxic, infectious, explosive and fire hazardous substances causes great harm to humanity and the environment, contributing to the pollution of atmospheric air, vegetation, soil, groundwater and surface water. The initial solution was waste disposal by landfill and incineration. With the increase in environmental pollution, environmental measures to eliminate this problem came to the fore - sorting, reuse and application of low-waste technologies, in which the harmful effect on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards.
Types of Global Issues
Global problems, having a natural-natural and social character, affect the interests of all mankind, seriously threatening its normal future. Being a complex and interconnected system, combining a complex of all the above problems, they require immediate resolution with the application of the maximum efforts of all countries of the world.
Depending on the characteristic features, the following types of global problems are distinguished:
- Between developed and developing countries, as well as countries with economies in transition. The decision is aimed at preventing conflicts and establishing an economic order, preserving peace, combating poverty, disease, hunger, drug addiction.
- Between nature and man. The settlement is aimed at protecting the environment, protecting and distributing fuel and raw materials, developing the oceans and outer space, and providing humanity with food, energy, and raw materials.
- Between man and society. In this case, the first place is the need for health care, education, solving the demographic problem and so on.
Global planetary issues
Global problems of the modern world include:
- The threat of a nuclear war, the overcoming of which is to curb the arms race, prohibit the creation and use of armed systems of mass destruction of people, the elimination of nuclear weapons.
- World terrorism aimed at seizing new territories and intimidating the population.
- Ecological crisis, consisting in the rapid intervention of man in natural processes.
- Lack of natural resources is a very significant problem (the types of problems that exist are also relevant, each in its own way). In this case, it is imperative to overcome the crisis interaction between man and nature, leading to such catastrophic consequences as the depletion of natural resources and unprecedented environmental pollution. The necessary steps are the development of measures aimed at the economical use of natural resources and the reduction of soil, air and water pollution.
- The demographic factor is to reduce the population growth rate in developed countries and increase its number in developing countries.
- The economic and cultural difference between the living standards of the population of developed countries (West and East) and third world countries (Asia, Africa, Latin America). In this case, efforts are required to reduce the growing gap and eliminate worldwide economic backwardness.
- The scientific and technological revolution with its negative consequences, requiring the rational and effective use of its achievements for the benefit of society and each individual separately.
- The spread of infectious diseases (AIDS, Ebola virus).
- Addiction, alcoholism and other bad habits. In this case, efforts need to be directed towards overcoming the tendency towards a decrease in social health, the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases.