Management is called the function of strictly organized systems of different nature. It ensures the integrity of the systems, as it is aimed at achieving the goals and objectives facing them. Thanks to management, the interests of different elements are preserved, their interaction is ensured. Our material will detail the organization of government. The principles, functions, tasks and content of the ruling leadership will be given an extensive description.
The concept of government
You must immediately agree that management and leadership are synonymous. Both phenomena are aimed at revealing the functions of some systems. They serve the interests of elements enclosed in a single structure. For example, social management is the organization of joint activities of people. This kind of activity is not yet able to provide the necessary interaction among the participants in the system, but it organizes people into certain groups and gradually formalizes them.
The most important principle of public administration (social leadership) is the presence of an ordering effect on participants in a single activity. The interaction of the system participants is given organization, the coordination of individual actions of each member is ensured. The general functions arising from the nature of the system are performed. This is coordination, supervision, planning, and more.
The main object of social leadership is the regulation of the behavior of participants in the system. This is a conscious-volitional category - a priority element of the whole system. So, the leadership exercised by the authorities is a kind of social standard. There are connections between the subject and the object. Such a subordination has a conscious-volitional mediation.
The above signs and principles of public administration indicate the priority of the will of managers in relation to the will of the governed. The subject of management forms and implements the will of the ruling parties, and the object submits to it. From this we can conclude that social leadership is a system of power relations, provided by a number of principles of public administration.
The essence of power
Power is a specific tool aimed at ensuring that the will of the governors follows the will of the governed. This definition was formulated thanks to the interpretations of philosophers and thinkers of various eras. Moreover, the term "public administration", the general principles of which have been formed over the centuries, has appeared recently.
For almost 80 years, the ruling leadership in our country was only a tool to achieve the "highest goal" - the construction of a new formation. Formally, priority was given to ideological considerations, rather than the desire to organize public order in the present. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, everything became completely different.
In 1993, the Russian Constitution appeared, which enshrined the basic methods, functions and principles of public administration. A new term has appeared - "executive power". It is crucial in the analysis of social leadership. From the Soviet "division of labor" the country moved on to the "separation of powers." The very essence of management has changed.
Separation of powers
The concept of separation of powers is based on one important principle. Organization of public administration may not be carried out by only one person or state body. This will lead to the creation of an anti-democratic, totalitarian regime. Unacceptable limitation of power by law. Management should be built on the competence-functional specialization, which does not violate its fundamental unity.
Power should be the basis for the functioning of entities that personify one or another of its industry. All branches of government are part of a single "tree" called statehood. The separation of powers is extremely necessary here. The three branches of social management are distinguished by a certain degree of independence, they are independent of each other.
The executive branch is one of three branches. Her powers include organizing public life and monitoring compliance with laws. The executive branch works closely with the legislative, which is engaged in the formation of basic norms and rules of conduct. There is also a judiciary whose powers include the interpretation of laws and the imposition of liability for their non-compliance.
The exercise of power is a political-legal category, and government administration is an organizational-legal category. Both categories have the right to life, although the concept of governance is completely absent in the law.
General management principles
Having considered the basic features and structural elements of social leadership, attention should be paid to the basic principles of public administration. The very concept of "principle" means the fundamental ideas, motivators and motives that underlie the actions or actions being implemented. The principles of social leadership point to the fundamental features and essential characteristics of power.
The most common classification of principles is as follows:
- Legality. It implies strict and strict observance by management entities of all legal requirements.
- Specificity. The implementation of management should be applied to specific life circumstances, taking into account the most diverse forms of manifestation of actions and laws of social development.
- Objectivity. The study of the laws of social evolution that took place and the identification of ways for further improvement of society and the state.
- Efficiency. The desire to achieve goals with the maximum use of forces, time and money.
- The combination of centralization and decentralization. This principle is especially relevant in Russia - a country with a federal structure.
Based on the general principles of public administration, organizational ideas and principles are built. They will be described later.
General organizational management principles
Legal scholars distinguish two groups of principles on which government is based. The first group is called the general organizational, the second - intraorganizational. The first group includes:
- Territorial principle. It underlies the formation of the state apparatus in strict accordance with the territorial-administrative division of the country.
- Industry principle. Acts as a leader in the organization of apparatuses and services that implement the executive branch. In accordance with this principle, state management activities are implemented: health care, culture, law enforcement, etc.
- Functional principle. It determines the optimization of intersectoral relations. The subject of management can provide methodological guidance, as well as administrative coercion and control and supervision functions. These are the Central Bank, the Accounts Chamber, the Prosecutor's Office, the Central Election Commission, etc.
- Linear principle. Each head within his competence has all the managerial rights and functions in relation to his subordinates.
- The principle of dual subordination. It provides a combination of principles of centralized leadership, taking into account local conditions and particularities of Russian regions. It is the basis of federal executive bodies.
Thus, the general organizational principles provide all the necessary information about the elements of government.
Organizational Principles
The next group of ideas began with the internal organization of power management. Thus, the rational distribution of powers between various subjects of executive activity involves the consolidation of tasks, duties and powers for each employee and state body. The responsibility of subjects for the results of work is closely related to the rational distribution of functions.
The most important principle is the combination of collegiality and unity of command. This principle is most clearly manifested in situations of interaction between large instances and officials. A simple example is the work of the President with the Federal Assembly or the Prime Minister with the Government.
Government Methods
Intraorganizational principles are closely related to the basic tools and methods of government. Principles and methods interact among themselves, as a result of which a system of social leadership is built.
Here are the legal instruments that should be highlighted:
- Conviction is a purposeful process of influence of a subject of power on a managed object. This includes propaganda, agitation, training, criticism, and more.
- Encouragement - a method of exposure, which has a positive assessment of the subject.
- Indirect management - associated with psychological and economic instruments of influence on society.
Principles give rise to ideas on the basis of which goals and functions appear. Methods are a kind of tool to help move from ideas to practice.
Government Goals
The basic principles of social leadership are a kind of basis for drawing up management goals that underlie the life of people.
The main tasks should be highlighted:
- development and optimization of social institutions that ensure sustainable and reliable development of the country along the democratic path;
- compliance with external and internal security;
- protection of freedoms, interests and rights of people in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the presence of general administrative and legal regulation;
- maintaining a favorable environmental, economic, social, cultural and political situation in the country;
- the formation of state policy aimed at improving the standard of living of the people;
- high-quality and effective regulation of market mechanisms;
- competent cooperation of the regions and the federal center, based on mutual benefit.
On the basis of the above goals and legal principles of public administration, an extensive system of functions is formed that implements power. They will be described later.
Social Management Functions
Under the functions of public administration are meant objectively determined types of imperious, goal-setting and organizationally-regulatory impacts of power on social processes. This is a holistic and specific impact of the state on a person. The formation of functions is influenced by a number of factors, such as the state of society, its structure, level of self-government and much more. Again, the generated functionality is based on the principles of state and municipal government.
The following types of functions are traditionally distinguished:
- Planning. The problem is posed: with what, when, where and how a specific goal can be achieved.
- Organization. It is necessary to create conditions for high-quality social interaction that would bring the desired result.
- Regulation. It is aimed at ensuring that a person within the organization performs a certain amount of activity.
- HR function.
- Supervision and control function.
There is another classification according to which the state should take care of the following:
- ensuring public order and security;
- creation and maintenance of the well-being of citizens, their rights and freedoms, satisfaction of social needs and interests;
- state regulation of processes implemented in the field of social, cultural and economic life.
Today, the Russian Federation implements all the functions presented in full. But does this give the desired result? You can understand this issue only by analyzing all the problems of public administration that currently exist in the country.
Problems of social leadership in Russia
The solution to the issue of modernizing public administration is to create a high-quality system of checks and balances. It would allow for the development of a sound legal regulation regarding ineffective or illegal activities. But first, it’s worth identifying the main problems of social leadership in Russia.
Political strategists and lawyers complain about the following phenomena:
- The president is above the branches of government. Its task is to ensure their coordinated functioning. However, practice shows something different: the head of state is involved mainly in the foreign policy sphere, and bears no responsibility for decisions made by the authorities.
- Federal, regional and municipal power systems do not fully exercise their powers. A quality mechanism is needed to facilitate their joint management.
- There is no clear legal framework for social leadership. There are still many gaps and so-called legal holes in laws. Compliance with the principles of public administration is not enough. Establishing a clear and well-planned regulatory framework would help resolve the situation.
The solution to all these problems should be a priority for the current government.
So, the article examined the main methods, functions, principles and concepts of public administration. The Russian Federation incorporates all the democratic elements, however, the existing problems of power leadership do not allow to put them into practice in full.