What is the foundation of pedagogy? Criteria, functions and tasks of pedagogy

The foundation of pedagogy is philosophy. Namely, that part of it that deals with the problems of education. These sciences are not just related to each other - they are interconnected. Now it’s about this topic that will be discussed. Also in its framework will be told about the criteria, functions and tasks of pedagogy.

The origins

Before proceeding to a discussion of a designated topic, it is necessary to briefly talk about how the birth of teaching began in general.

The founder of pedagogy is the Czech humanist, public figure, writer and bishop of the Czech Church - Jan Amos Comenius.

He worked intensively on the ideas of didactics and pansofia (teaching everyone everything). Interestingly, Jan recognized only three sources of knowledge - faith, reason and feelings. And in the development of cognition, he distinguished only three levels - practical, empirical and scientific. The scientist believed that universal education and the formation of a new school will help to further educate children in the spirit of humanism.

Jan Amos Comenius believed that pedagogy should be on the foundation of discipline. The scientist assured - the learning process will give results only if there is a classroom organization and special aids (textbooks), a test of knowledge and a ban on skipping classes.

He also attached great importance to the systematic nature of nature, consistency, visualization, feasibility and consciousness. In addition, Jan Comenius considered the concepts of training and education to be inseparable.

But the scientist attached the greatest significance to such phenomena as naturalness and order. Hence the key requirements for teaching: training should begin as early as possible, and the proposed material must comply with the age of the pupils.

Ian Amos was convinced: pedagogy should stand on the foundation of globality. Since he believed that the human mind is capable of encompassing everything, for this it is only necessary to observe a consistent, gradual advance. You must follow from familiar to unfamiliar, from near to distant, from the whole to the particular. The goal of pedagogy Comenius considered bringing students to the assimilation of an entire system of knowledge, and not some fragmentary information.

Categories

This topic needs to be paid attention before telling about what constitutes the methodological foundation of pedagogy (preschool, school or higher). In general, it is customary to distinguish the following categories:

• Education. It is not only a process, but also the result of a person’s assimilation of knowledge and experience. The purpose of education is to make positive changes in the way of thinking and behavior of students.
• Training. This is the name of the process aimed at the formation and subsequent development of knowledge, skills, as well as skills. It necessarily takes into account the requirements of modern activity and life.
• Parenting. A multi-valued concept, which is often considered as a social concept, a kind of activity aimed at cultivating in a person those qualities that he can successfully implement in society.
• Pedagogical activity. This is also one of the criteria. As you might guess, this is the name of the type of professional activity that is aimed at implementing the goals facing education. It includes several aspects. Three, to be more precise - communicative, organizational and constructive.
• Pedagogical process. This concept refers to the interaction of the teacher and student. The purpose of the process is to transfer the teacher's experience and knowledge to the pupil. It is in its course that the goals of education are realized. How effective this process is is determined by the quality of the resulting feedback.
• Pedagogical interaction. This is not only a key concept of pedagogy, but also a scientific principle that forms the basis of education. Experienced, talented teachers have a special flair and tact - due to these qualities they skillfully manage relationships with students, improving as their intellectual and spiritual needs become more complicated.
• Pedagogical technologies. This concept defines the totality of methods and means of reproducing the processes of education and training, which are justified theoretically, but are also applied in practice (for the achievement of educational goals, of course).
• Pedagogical task. This is the last category. Under this term, a certain situation is perceived, which is correlated with the purpose of pedagogical activity and the conditions for its further implementation.

Relationship with philosophy

The foundation of pedagogy is precisely this science. It provided the basis for the development of basic teaching concepts:

• Neopragmatism. The essence of this concept lies in the self-affirmation of personality.
• Pragmatism. This philosophical and pedagogical direction advocates the achievement of educational goals in practice, as well as the rapprochement of education with life.
• Behaviorism. In the context of this concept, human behavior is considered as a controlled process.
• Neopositivism. Its purpose is to comprehend the complex of phenomena that the scientific and technological revolution provoked. In the future, this is used to form rational thinking.
• Thomism. According to this teaching, the basis of upbringing should be the spiritual principle.
• Existentialism. This direction recognizes the person as the highest value in this world.

It is also worth noting the attention to the methodological function of philosophy, also called the guideline. It manifests itself in the development of a system of general methods and key principles of scientific knowledge. And without this very pedagogy would not exist.

Theosophy

By this concept is meant mystical knowledge of God and contemplation of the Most High, in the light of which the mysterious knowledge of all things is revealed.

It is believed that theosophy is the foundation of pedagogy. There is a certain amount of truth in this. After all, this science is indeed considered the basis of every school of religious direction.

The roots of the theosophical humanistic paradigm are very deeply rooted in popular pedagogy, and it is believed that it correctly forms ideas about virtuous behavior in children and adolescents.

In this context, special attention is paid to the impact of faith in the supernatural directly on the state of mind, the inner world of man. And this is relevant for solving problems related to spiritual and moral education.

It is not only therefore that it is customary to consider Theosophy as the foundation of pedagogy. Everything is much more global here. Indeed, since ancient times, people live in peace under the sign of the presence of a deity. Religion is associated with the concept of good faith, piety, peacefulness. Because this is the need of every person - in gaining a sense of spiritual comfort.

And the whole story testifies to the fact that the human desire for religion is natural, and therefore ineradicable. And therefore, Theosophy is the methodological foundation of pedagogy - preschool, general and higher. Even the subject of “religious studies” is found in many schools and universities.

Story

Talking about what is the foundation of pedagogy, it is necessary to pay attention to the historical aspect. It is very important. After all, the history of pedagogy is a key discipline of the teaching cycle, as well as a subject included in the vocational education program.

It is this science, which is a whole separate industry, that makes up the development of the practice and theory of education, upbringing and training in different historical eras. Modernity, of course, is also included in the context of the historical development of pedagogy.

And again, there is a direct connection with philosophy. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said that it is impossible to understand the present and discern the future without knowing the past.

And the Russian historian of pedagogy M. I. Demkov wrote that only by studying the centuries-old life of peoples can one more fully understand, and in the future, evaluate the significance of the modern theory of education, methodology and didactics, as well as its role.

It would be reasonable to say that the foundation of pedagogy is its constant study. This is manifested in the following:

• Consideration of the laws of education as a social and universal phenomenon. Studying its dependence on the needs of people who are constantly changing.
• Disclosure of the relationship between the goals, content and organization of education with the level of economic development of society, culture and science. Of course, all this taking into account a certain historical era.
• Identification of humanistically and rationally oriented teaching tools developed by progressive educators of past generations.
• Revealing the development of teaching as a science.
• A generalization of all the positive that was successfully accumulated by pedagogy in previous eras.

And of course, we must not forget about the relationship of this grow with other sciences. After all, its content includes not only pedagogical, but also social science knowledge. Psychology, culture, sociology, private methods - all this has to do with it.

Awareness of this fact makes it possible to consider pedagogical phenomena in direct connection with the history of society, not forgetting their specifics and avoiding a flat approach to them.

Psychology

It has already been said above that pedagogy must stand on the foundation of the science of philosophy. But within the framework of this topic, one cannot ignore the question regarding what this industry has to do with psychology. He, it must be said, is quite controversial.

It is believed that pedagogy is “subordinate” to this science. Already in the XVIII century, the opinion was established that the tasks in the field of teaching are not solved without and without psychology.

And some well-known experts, like M. G. Yaroshevsky, for example, even assured that the whole learning process is based only on the principles of this science. I.F. Herbart, for example, considered pedagogy "applied psychology."

Even more radical statements are found in the works of K. D. Ushinsky. The Russian writer said that it was psychology that gives the teacher the fidelity of the look and the power that helps him freely give children any direction in learning, in accordance with his beliefs.

Now all this can be looked at differently. Previously, it was believed that pedagogy should be on the foundation of the science of psychology because the subject of its activity was perceived by children, students, whose behavior is regulated by the psyche. Allegedly, the teacher, not knowing its features, could not control the learning process. Due to the absence at that time of a theory of activity and the concepts of an objective and social phenomenon, pedagogy simply could not reveal its own specific subject. And therefore, the “pillar” was psychology.

What is the situation in our time? Until now, the assertion that psychology is the foundation of pedagogy has taken place. Moreover, it is common in the mass consciousness. However, the truth is different. The subject of pedagogy is not a child, but education and training. And therefore it turns out to be in the field of social formations, and not the psyche.

Which conclusion follows from this? What pedagogy is social science. And her experiments are either theoretical or organizational in nature. Of course, psychology also has a social origin, the only point is that each science has its own boundaries, defined by a specific subject. In the field of teaching, this is training and education. And the subject of pedagogy is a person engaged in this activity. That is a teacher.

Age pedagogy

The industries that are relevant to it occupy a special place in the system of educational sciences. And this topic cannot be ignored when speaking about the foundation of pedagogy.

This is the most important section of knowledge. And it is directly related to the topic under discussion. Age pedagogy studies all the subtleties and patterns of upbringing, as well as teaching children in accordance with those features that are due to their age development. The following industries are distinguished:

• Preschool pedagogy. Its purpose is to study the design features of the education of children before they enter school. Particular attention is paid to the development of principles for their further application in private, state and non-state institutions. The conditions of families are also taken into account (ordinary, large, incomplete, etc.).
• Pedagogy of the school. It is the richest and most developed industry. Its foundation is the totality of educational models that existed in different states, civilizations, formations, as well as all known ideologies.
• Pedagogy of high school. It applies not only to age, but also to industry. Since high school is an educational institution of the highest rank. After all, she is engaged in the training of professionals, and is the last step in training. Such an education makes it possible to develop not only professionally, but also personally, spiritually. Here the role of instilling in students ethics, aesthetics, culture, etc.

It is also worth noting that, in addition to these three main sectors, there is also vocational and secondary specialized pedagogy. However, they are not so developed, some experts even believe that they are still in their infancy.

The methodological foundation of preschool pedagogy

It should be focused on. It should be noted right away that the methodological foundations of preschool pedagogy are what reflect the current level of educational philosophy.

One of the key approaches is axiological. It determines the totality of acquired values ​​in self-development, upbringing and education.

How does this approach apply to very young children? Its principles are to instill in preschoolers the values ​​of culture, health, knowledge, work, play and the joy of communication. They are enduring, unconditional.

The second key approach is cultural. This methodological foundation of preschool pedagogy was developed by Adolf Disterweg, and later it was developed by K.D. Ushinsky.

It is mandatory to take into account the conditions of time and place where the child was born and grows. It also takes into account its immediate environment, the historical past of the country, region and city, as well as the main value orientations of the people. It is the dialogue of cultures that is the basis for introducing children to customs, traditions, norms, and also the rules of communication.

Since pedagogy is the science of educating and training a person, the approaches that a teacher follows (no matter what age group he is engaged in) determine his position and attitude to the personality of each student, as well as understanding his own role in the issue of education and upbringing.

Pedagogy functions

Earlier it was talked about what is the foundation of pedagogy. Philosophy, Theosophy, and Psychology are also examined in this context. What are the functions of this science? There are many of them, and the key ones should be highlighted in the following list:

• Cognitive. It consists in the study of experience and various practices.
• Diagnostic It is aimed at studying the causes of certain processes and phenomena inherent in the process of training and education.
• Scientifically informative. It implies mastery of the theory, as well as an explanation of pedagogical phenomena.
• Predictive. It can be seen in the extrapolation of ideas to other phenomena, as well as to the prospects for their further development.
• Transformative. It consists in introducing the achievements of best practices directly into practice.
• Integrating. This function can manifest itself both within the subject and between disciplines.
• Culturological. It manifests itself in the formation of a pedagogical culture.
• Organizational and methodological. This function reflects the following principle: the methodology of teaching pedagogy is a guideline for further restructuring for the better of the concepts in accordance with which teaching of other disciplines is carried out.
• Projective and constructive. It involves the development of methodologies that determine further teaching activities.

Pedagogy, realizing the listed functions, also solves the problem of studying the personal qualities of pupils and students, as well as their ability to improve. But the goals of this area, of course, are much greater. However, this can be described separately.

Tasks of pedagogy

They are also numerous. , . :

• .
• , - , , , .
• - .
• .
• , , .
• , .
• - .
• , .
• , .
• , , , , , , . .
• , .
• , , .
• , .
• .
• , , .

The list is impressive. And this is far from everything that is the task of pedagogy. However, the decision of all of them submits to a common goal - to improve the quality of education and educate worthy members of a progressive society.