A cyst is a benign neoplasm that is a bubble or sac with liquid contents. A similar pathology is quite common in women of childbearing age. Such a tumor grows due to accumulation in the fluid cavity and can increase the size of the ovary several times. When its wall is destroyed, the ovarian cyst ruptures.
This condition is considered urgent, requires a very urgent diagnosis and treatment. After rupture of the ovarian cyst, its contents can penetrate into the peritoneum, which threatens the development of peritonitis and signs of an acute abdomen.
What can be neoplasms
Rupture of an ovarian cyst can be classified depending on the manifestations. In particular, they are divided into such forms as:
- hemorrhagic;
- painful;
- mixed.
In addition, a similar condition can occur in several forms, it all depends on the severity of the disease. It is customary to isolate a true cyst and cystic tumor. There may also be paraovarial neoplasms, the difference of which is that they are formed without involving the ovarian tissues and structures of this organ in the pathological process. A feature of such formations is that they can have very large sizes.
Functional cystic formations, consisting of their own tissues, are divided into luteal and follicular. Lutein is formed from the corpus luteum as a result of the accumulation of excessive amounts of fluid. A follicular cyst occurs if ovulation has not occurred, since the unexploded follicle gradually increases in size. Basically, they pass on their own after a while, but there may be a rupture of the ovarian cyst. This happens infrequently, since the shell of such formations is quite dense.
Reasons for the gap
A cyst of absolutely any type may well burst, and then the contents fall into the abdominal cavity, which leads to dangerous consequences. The rupture of ovarian cysts in women is associated with the features of the tissues of which it consists. However, it is worth noting that until the end the reasons have not been established.
Doctors believe that this is primarily due to hormonal disorders in the body. Predisposing factors may be the peculiarity of the blood circulation of the genitals at different periods of the menstrual cycle, as well as the existing pathologies of the vascular system. If the walls of the vessels are too thin, then during the menstrual cycle, when they are filled with blood and expand, their permeability increases and tissue integrity can be compromised. Among the main provoking factors, one can distinguish such as:
- improper location of the uterus;
- frequent abortions;
- polycystic;
- inflammatory processes;
- benign and malignant neoplasms;
- psychological factors;
- physical overwork.
However, complete peace also does not guarantee that a break does not occur. Cases are known that such a violation occurred even in sleeping women who were in a state of complete rest. Deterioration of well-being can provoke diseases associated with impaired microcirculation of the blood, as well as its coagulability. In addition, doctors note the relationship with the use of certain medications.
The main symptoms
Symptoms of rupture of an ovarian cyst are quite pronounced, since it is impossible not to notice a violation of the integrity of this formation. Regardless of its type, in any case, there are strong painful sensations, up to a shock state and loss of consciousness. Sometimes the present symptoms are confused with bowel obstruction or acute appendicitis. If the first symptoms of rupture of an ovarian cyst have appeared, you must definitely call an ambulance and undergo immediate complex treatment. Among the main features can be identified such as:
- lower abdominal pain;
- nausea and vomiting;
- loss of consciousness;
- heat;
- bloating;
- violation of the intestines, dizziness.
Violation of the integrity of the formation is accompanied by bleeding in the abdominal cavity. Among the first signs of rupture of an ovarian cyst, one can distinguish a sharp pain in the abdomen, as well as the perineum, which eventually gives off to the lower back or thigh. In addition, severe weakness and a decrease in pressure may be observed. A characteristic symptom of rupture of an ovarian cyst in women is a pronounced pallor of the skin. With damage to other internal organs, an acute abdominal syndrome is observed .
An accurate diagnosis can only be made during surgery.
Dermoid type
Doctors consider the neoplasm on the ovary of the dermoid type to be one of the most complex, since its contents are rich in various tissues and its cause has not yet been determined. In violation of the integrity of this process, you can notice symptoms such as:
- severe pain;
- bleeding;
- dizziness;
- weakness.
It is possible to determine the presence of violations of this type only during complex diagnostics.
Follicular cyst
Follicular neoplasms in the ovaries are most common. They respond well to drug therapy through the use of hormonal drugs. With the right treatment, they can independently resolve. If cyst rupture occurs, then the woman experiences a very strong cutting pain, which is accompanied by intoxication. The temperature may remain normal, and the skin becomes pale or bluish.
In the presence of intra-abdominal hemorrhage, blood pressure can significantly decrease, and the heartbeat becomes more frequent. It is worth noting that this type of neoplasm is especially dangerous for those planning a pregnancy. As a result of this, there is a violation of the integrity of the internal organs and peritonitis may develop, which threatens with a strong loss of blood, as well as the occurrence of adhesions. This can lead to infertility.
Yellow body
If the integrity of the process of the corpus luteum on the ovary is disturbed, then very severe pain in the lower abdomen is immediately felt. Additionally, it may be accompanied by vomiting, nausea, weakness, excessive sweating. If a gap is observed in the vascular region of the ovary, then there is a high probability of hemorrhage in the pelvic area.
When such a violation occurs, the woman is in a state of shock, becomes weak and drowsy. A characteristic sign is a strong decrease in pressure with a rapid heartbeat.
Endometrioid type
Among the main symptoms of rupture of a neoplasm of the endometrioid species on the ovary are considered strong painful sensations in the abdomen. In addition, severe nausea and vomiting are observed. Often noted increased gas formation, as well as a violation of intestinal motility.
The body temperature of the woman remains normal. If such symptoms are detected, an urgent need to be examined, as this condition can be very dangerous. The help of a doctor in this case will be just saving.
Is a cyst necessarily bursting
If a woman has a cyst on the ovary, this does not mean at all that she must burst. Basically, such an education has follicular significance, does not cause any discomfort and passes literally through several menstrual cycles. Violation of its integrity leads to very dangerous consequences, which largely depend on the type of cyst itself.
Often, changes in shape and boundaries occur in the presence of follicular neoplasms and processes of the corpus luteum. The thing is that the cystic walls in this case burst from playing sports, physical labor or too intense sexual contact. However, the damage does not always pose a danger to the patient, since if blood loss is not more than 100 ml, the operation is not performed. At the same time, in order to avoid the development of the inflammatory process, a course of antibiotics is prescribed.
When a follicular cyst ruptures, fluid is released through the vagina. If the neoplasm is located on the leg, then it can provoke a transition to a more severe tumor, peritonitis or necrosis. If there is a violation of the integrity of the dermoid or endometrioid formation, then the consequences can be very dangerous and surgical intervention is required. The contents of the cyst can provoke intoxication and blood poisoning.
Diagnostics
Symptoms and consequences of rupture of an ovarian cyst can be very different, so it is important to conduct timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. Only a doctor can suspect a violation of integrity as a result of a survey and examination of the patient. A correct diagnosis can only be made when conducting instrumental, hardware and laboratory studies, in particular such as:
- gynecological examination;
- vaginal vault puncture;
- laparoscopy;
- ultrasound diagnostics;
- blood analysis.
Gynecological examination allows you to determine vascular pulsation in the area of the vaginal fornix, soreness and swelling, if there was intense bleeding. Using ultrasound, you can determine the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Anemia and leukocytosis are detected in the blood.
Conservative treatment
Treatment of rupture of an ovarian cyst can be conservative if the violations are minor and the patient’s life is not in danger, or by surgery. At the recovery stage, patients are recommended to observe contraception and conduct physiotherapy, in particular the use of such techniques as:
- tubal stimulation;
- laser therapy;
- magnetotherapy;
- electrophoresis.
Conservative methods include the use of hemostatic drugs, antispasmodics, vitamins, applying cold to the affected area. At the recovery stage, electrophoresis may be prescribed. This procedure is mainly carried out using calcium chloride.
Operation
If an ovarian cyst rupture occurs, the operation is performed in most cases, as often this is the only way to save the patient's life and restore her reproductive functions. Surgery is often limited to laparoscopy, and laparotomy may sometimes be required. The volume of intervention may be different, it all depends on the degree of tissue damage.
Laparoscopy implies that by conducting 3 punctures on the front wall of the peritoneum, special tools are introduced. After this, cauterization of the bursting cyst and pumping of blood is carried out. Laparotomy consists in the fact that after performing an incision on the anterior wall of the peritoneum, the ovary is removed to the area of the surgical field, the cyst cavity is sutured, excess blood is removed from the abdominal cavity and the wound is sutured.
What can be the complications
The consequences of rupture of an ovarian cyst can be very different. Distinguish between early and long-term complications. The early ones arise directly during the period of medical care, and the distant ones already in the process of recovery.
The most dangerous complication after rupture of an ovarian cyst can be considered the occurrence of a shock condition, which is observed with severe blood loss and a decrease in the volume of circulating blood. This can lead to the death of the patient. In addition, one of the complications is the need to remove the ovary. Surgeons try to preserve this organ, but this is far from always possible. Sometimes removal is the only way to save a patient’s life.
There may be bacterial postoperative complications that are resolved by antibiotic therapy. Long-term effects are much more difficult to prevent and include:
- repeated rupture of the cyst;
- adhesive processes;
- ectopic pregnancy;
- infertility;
- hormonal disorders.
All these processes are closely interconnected. A woman can become pregnant even with one ovary, however, subject to normal tube patency and a regular menstrual cycle.
Prophylaxis
To prevent cyst rupture, prophylaxis is necessary. If a neoplasm occurs, it is necessary to conduct treatment by applying conservative techniques or surgically. In addition, it is important to undergo regular examination by a gynecologist and do an ovarian ultrasound.
Any inflammatory processes need to be treated in a timely manner, since they can provoke many complications.