The selection of optimal schemes for a hot water supply and heating system is the main task in ensuring a comfortable microclimate. The most commonly used schemes of heating systems in private homes are of the following types: a system with forced and natural circulation, one-pipe, two-pipe, as well as the "Leningrad" and beam schemes for piping.
The key to the importance of utilities is precisely the heating system of houses, offices and enterprises for various purposes. Despite actively developing technologies, mankind has not yet gotten rid of the need to install heat sources in their homes. The heating system is operated only 4-6 months a year, while the cost of installation and accessories remains at a high level. The service life, reliability and efficiency of the heating system circuit in private homes largely depend on how the wiring is done.
Beginning of work
The wiring of the heating system in an apartment or private house begins with an analysis of the conditions in which it is planned to operate. To ensure effective heating, it is necessary to choose the boiler correctly, the diameter of the pipelines of the main line, and also determine the type of fuel.
The main components
The key components of the heating system that affect the wiring diagram are:
- Type of fuel.
- Type of boiler equipment, its main indicators and power.
- Type of heating appliances.
- Features of the room (number of storeys, insulation, area, other features).
Type of fuel
The most popular heat source is a gas boiler. They choose this equipment for private houses, apartments or farm buildings because of cost-effectiveness, battery life and versatility. Also, a double-circuit boiler is able to heat water for sanitary purposes. In this case, the connection of the gas boiler to the heating system, the piping layout should take into account the power of the circulation pump and the relatively low productivity.
If you plan to heat a two-story building, in addition to a pump installed in a double-circuit boiler, additional equipment will be required to ensure the circulation of the coolant .
Boilers
These devices differ in installation method, type of fuel and power. Domestic boilers can operate on such fuels as solid (firewood), diesel, liquid (fuel oil), coal, liquefied or natural gas, as well as pellets. Quite popular are electric boilers, which can be electrode and heating. In addition, there are combined units that operate on various types of fuel.
Many boilers are characterized by floor construction, however, there are varieties of wall-mounted design, the power of which is less than 25 kW. A separate place is not required for the placement of electric electrode boilers; they are mounted directly in the piping system. Most modern models are equipped with a heating circuit for hot water supply, and for heating large areas they can be assembled in a cascade.
In any case, for the scheme of heating systems of a one-story house, boiler units should be selected that allow them to be automated as much as possible and simplified operation. Equally important is the dependence of the heating system on electrical networks. The use of gas boilers, as well as the installation of a heating system in a private house without electric pumps, fully meets this condition.
Heating appliances
Heating appliances for private homes can be divided into two main groups - radiators and registers. The principle of their action is quite simple. In both cases, the coolant, moving inside the heater, gradually gives off heat to the environment. The choice of these structures depends on the number of storeys of the building. If the rooms are located in two or more levels, it is advisable to give preference to compact and aesthetic radiators.
The use of radiators in the heating system of a private house is more convenient in terms of the location of furniture in the premises. They are placed under the window openings, pipelines for their connection can be laid on the walls or be hidden in the floor structure. The heat transfer is controlled by the number of sections determined by the purpose and area of the heated room.
The type of heater is determined by the characteristics of the system, such as pressure, flow rate and coolant temperature. Depending on these indicators, aluminum finned or cast-iron radiators are selected. Aluminum structures give off heat due to incoming convective air flows in the channels between the edges of the device, cast-iron due to infrared radiation and high heat capacity.
At a coolant temperature of 90-95 ° C and a low flow rate, it is desirable to give preference to cast-iron appliances. At a temperature of 65-80 ° C and the presence of a circulation pump in the heating system, it is preferable to use finned aluminum radiators.
Also, heating systems of private houses are very often supplemented by the device of underfloor heating. The most comfortable microclimate will allow to achieve the temperature of the coolant in the pipelines, which is within 40 ° C. The installation of a water heated floor requires the mandatory installation of pumping equipment.
Pipelines
Heating devices and the boiler are interconnected by pipelines, the device of which depends on the location of the radiators, the number of storeys of the building, its perimeter and length.
The material of pipelines should be selected based on the convenience and installation conditions, their durability, maintainability.
In modern heating systems, bulky stainless, steel and galvanized pipes have been replaced by polypropylene and metal-plastic products. In combination with cast-iron heaters, copper pipelines are widely used.
Mounting
In the presence of a heat source, the main task will be to move the heated coolant through the heating system. The operating parameters and the durability of the heating system will depend on the type of the selected circuit. As a rule, these works are carried out at the stage of overhaul or construction, as they affect the entire housing space.
There are two main types of heating systems. It:
- Natural (gravitational).
- Closed heating system in a private house. This scheme provides for artificial circulation.
In the first case, natural circulation of the coolant due to its heating and expansion is assumed. In a closed system, a closed heating circuit is used, which is under pressure. Heat redistribution and fluid circulation are provided by pumping equipment.
Any of these options can be organized by various connection schemes. The most commonly used are single pipe, double pipe, and beam distributions. Let's consider them in more detail.
Single pipe system
The one-pipe heating system connection scheme implies the consistent installation of appliances. The coolant enters the radiators, and then, passing through them, gives up part of its heat. Thus, liquid with the lowest possible temperature index gets into the last device. So that this does not affect the microclimate of the room, the number of sections in the final heating device should be increased.
Today, there are technologies that optimize the operation of a single-pipe heating system. Heating elements, ball valves, thermostatic valves or balancing valves can be installed as auxiliary elements. This will achieve a balance when receiving heat. Overlapping one specific radiator will not interfere with the operation of the heating system as a whole.
The layout of the heating system in a private house can be implemented as:
- Horizontal system using a circulation pump.
- Vertical system with natural or combined circulation, as well as using circulating pumping equipment.
Horizontal single pipe system
This scheme is popularly called “Leningradka”. Pipelines can be built into the heating structure or laid above the floor. Therefore, in order to reduce heat transfer, it is recommended to insulate them.
Installation of the supply line is carried out with a slight slope in the direction of movement of the coolant. Heating devices should be located on the same level. To remove air from the system, Maevsky cranes must be provided .
The layout of a single-pipe heating system in a two-story house provides for a riser that delivers the coolant to the second floor and leads to the first radiator.
Temperature control is carried out using taps. They should be installed in front of the first heater on each floor.
Vertical single pipe system
Similar schemes of heating systems in private homes provide for the natural circulation of the coolant. The advantage of such a wiring is independence from power supply, since a circulation pump is not required.
A significant drawback is the use of large diameter pipelines, as well as the need for the distribution line to be strictly tilted. The main disadvantage is the fact that such a scheme for connecting a heating system in a private house does not look very aesthetically pleasing. However, this can be eliminated by means of a circulation pump.
Double pipe system
Such schemes of heating systems in private homes require significant financial costs. The volume of work performed and, accordingly, the cost of installation are also increasing.
The main advantage is the uniform distribution of the coolant throughout the system. And most importantly - the temperature regime is very simply regulated: in accordance with the needs of those living in the house.
When installing modern communications, the manufacturers of components for which are mainly foreign companies, it is recommended to connect the gas boiler to the heating system, the scheme of which is two-pipe, as this greatly facilitates the operation of pumping equipment.
Heaters can be connected from the side, bottom and diagonally. The choice of the best option mainly depends on the size of the used radiators and the material of their manufacture.
At the inlet and outlet of the heater, control valves must be installed. Also, do not forget about the drain valve, which should be located at the lowest points of the system.
The flow rate of pipelines depends on which connection of the boiler to the heating system is selected - a one-pipe or two-pipe scheme. It is more expedient to equip private houses with a small area with two-pipe wiring.
Additionally, such a system is equipped with a circulation pump. The presence of temperature controllers in each individual room allows you to configure the most optimal heating mode.
If your material means are limited, and a private house of a small area, then one-pipe wiring can be dispensed with.
The area of buildings in which it is allowed to use single-pipe systems should not be higher than 100 m 2 . In this case, you can do without pumping equipment and apply natural circulation.
Beam system
The collector or beam scheme is characterized by the fact that each heating device has its own pair of pipelines for direct and reverse current. These pipelines converge on the combs of the heater. In such a system, the length of the pipes is much higher even compared to the two-pipe scheme.
To evenly distribute the coolant throughout the heating devices, the radiation system is balanced before operation.
Conclusion
Regardless of which heating system you choose, a do-it-yourself scheme will be developed or with the involvement of specialists, it is important to remember that the design and installation of engineering communications data is considered a rather difficult event. If you are not confident in your own strengths, it is preferable to seek the help of specialists.
This will avoid errors that may occur at any stage of the launch and operation of the heating system. In order not to eliminate defects in the future, it is better to simply not allow them and foresee everything in advance.