The head of state is not only the highest position in any state, but also an independent constitutional body, which is obliged to represent the state both inside the country and abroad.
In various countries, in accordance with the constitution, the main
official can either be an integral part of the parliament, that is, directly to the
legislature (without his consent, the law is not valid), as the head of state of the UK or can be both the head of state and the head of the
executive like in the USA or Egypt. Sometimes he can only be the head of the country and not be included in any of the
branches of government, like the head of state of Germany. In Japan, the chapter is a direct symbol of all statehood, and in France he is seen as an arbiter who evaluates the activities of other institutions of the country. The sole and unconditional ruler is the heads of states such as Saudi Arabia or Oman.
The head of state can be both collegially selected and single. In the first case, it is an organ of parliament, in the second - the monarch or the president. The first option was very often encountered in the past in those countries where totalitarian socialism dominated - the USSR, Poland. Now a similar type of government can be seen in Cuba, where power is concentrated in the hands of the Council of State.
There is no president in Cuba. And the head of state is the chairman of the state council. The main official in China is the chairman of the republic, who is elected by parliament. But it is worth noting that most of the functions are carried out by him with the direct participation of the Standing Committee of the Parliament.
In Iran, powers are shared between the president and the leader of the republic. The latter is elected from the highest representatives of the clergy. The head of state of Switzerland is the president, but they elect him only for one year, and he does not have significant powers. The UAE has a so-called “collective” monarch, while Malaysia has an elected one.
In countries that belong to the British Commonwealth, all the powers of the head of state are in the hands of the British monarch, but his representative, the governor general, exercises power. It is approved directly by the monarch according to the recommendations of the local government.
Often, after military coups, power in the country passes into the hands of a military council - the junta. The junta, in turn, independently appoints the president. This happened in most countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa.
Regardless of the variety, heads of state have some common functions and powers. If we talk about parliament, then heads of state convene parliamentary sessions, have the right to dissolve, and also sometimes impose a veto. They can also form a government, have the right to dismiss ministers, elect judges, and decide on the issue of citizenship or political asylum. Representing the state at the international level, they can conclude all kinds of international agreements, as well as appoint diplomatic representatives.