In this article, we consider Stanton-Capdepon syndrome - a disease that is determined at the gene level. It is manifested by damage to the enamel and dentin, the result of which is not only an aesthetic defect, but also a further decrease in the height of the bite. The size and shape of the teeth during teething are not violated.
Discolorite is characteristic - enamel staining in a grayish or brown color. The test of the medical history, physical examination data, X-ray examination and EDI allow you to correctly diagnose the syndrome. Its treatment usually consists of complex remineralizing therapy and prosthetics. We will analyze this syndrome in more detail.
Causes of pathology
Stanton-Capdepon syndrome is a hereditary disease resulting from a mutation in a gene that is responsible for a specific matrix protein. It is transmitted in 50% of cases, both in girls and in boys. The disease affects not only temporary but also permanent teeth.
The cause of irreversible changes is a decrease in the thickness of the enamel layer (enamel and dentin dysplasia), due to which the bonds between the hard tissues of the tooth are broken . Usually no layer of predentine. Dentinal tubules - less than normal. The production of substitution dentin leads to obliteration of the pulp chamber and calcification of the root canals.
Symptomatology
Stanton-Capdepon syndrome does not prevent teeth from erupting on time. Early or late occurrence is rare. A characteristic symptom of the disease is the color of enamel - from yellow to gray and brown. It occurs due to the filling of the dentin tubules with blood. Chipping, enamel exposes the surface of dentin.
An increase in water content and a decrease in mineral components destroys the structure of dentin, which affects the increased abrasion of teeth. A reduced bite reduces the lower third of the face. Enamel chips become sharp edges of the teeth, resulting in painful mucosal damage. What is glass ionomer cement used for? About it further.
Diagnostics
Clinical examination and the results of additional research methods, as well as anamnestic data are taken into account when making a diagnosis. During a physical examination, the dentist determines that the enamel with pigmentation is opalescent, gray or brown. In this case, the shape of the teeth will be correct. The sizes of crowns are within the normal range. The enamel will be thin and brittle, quickly cracking after eruption, the dentin layer is exposed as a result. The dentin stains and the teeth turn dark brown. Due to the fact that there is increased abrasion, sharp edges appear that traumatize the mucous membrane in the mouth. With this syndrome, pulp chambers are visible.
The x-ray reflects a decrease in root height, the tooth cavity is narrowed, the root canals of the tooth are obliterated. Also, in patients with this syndrome, radiographic lesions often show foci of destruction in the bone tissue. Cystic formations are associated with a violation of bone formation processes. It also leads to the penetration of infection transdentally during the decay or inflammation of the pulp. According to the results of EDI, the sensitivity of the pulp is reduced.
It is important to differentiate the syndrome from other genetically determined pathologies of the hard tissues of the teeth. This includes:
- imperfect dentinogenesis of types 1 and 3;
- dentin dysplasia;
- imperfect amelogenesis.
The examination is carried out by a dentist. To identify the hereditary factors of the disease, a geneticist consults.
What is the treatment?
With Stanton-Capdepon syndrome, remineralizing therapy is performed, which consists in restoring enamel and dentin. This method prevents subsequent tooth decay.
Most patients are shown endodontic treatment and covering the teeth with crowns. An effective method is prosthetics. In this case, solid-cast crowns are used, as well as metal-ceramic crowns. Removable denture replacement problems help solve dentures. How are tooth canals protected?
The patient is prescribed phosphorus-calcium preparations, vitamins, minerals for oral administration. The surface of the teeth is covered with agents containing calcium, fluorine. The restoration of teeth with composite materials, which are retroreflective, is carried out for the syndrome, but this is a temporary measure, since a strong bond between dentin and photopolymer material does not occur due to reduced mineralization. In the future, the tooth is destroyed.
To restore crowns in childhood in dentistry, glass ionomer cement is most often used because of the good adhesion of the material to dentin and enamel, a carioprotective effect, and high biocompatibility.
If patients with this pathology show periapical changes, endodontic treatment is carried out with the coating of teeth with crowns. These are serious methods.
How can prosthetics help?
Prosthetics is an optimal method of restoring the function and aesthetics of teeth. Solid cast crowns are made on the lateral teeth, the front ones are covered with ceramic-metal crowns. Also, prosthetics can be carried out by the method of vining, lamination of the front group of teeth and buccal surfaces using ceramic pads. With a fracture of the tooth root or with poor effectiveness of endodontic therapy, the tooth is removed. To replace defects in the dentition, removable dentures are often used.
Conclusion
It is important to understand the following - as soon as the slightest problems with teeth or gums appear, you should immediately consult a dentist. Then all the manipulations for the treatment will cost several times cheaper. It is much easier to treat one tooth than several. Moreover, you should not start the process if there is inflammation or pain.
Timely treatment of patients, competent remineralizing therapy and prosthetics can save hard tooth tissue. An irresponsible approach to one’s health leads to tooth decay and loss.