Every modern person daily encounters the concepts of “object” and “model”. Examples of objects are objects that are accessible for touch (book, earth, table, pen, pencil), and inaccessible (stars, sky, meteorites), objects of artistic creativity and mental activity (composition, poem, problem solving, painting, music and others). Moreover, each object by a person is perceived only as a whole.
An object. Kinds. Characteristics
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the object is part of the external world, which can be perceived as a whole. Each subject of perception has its own individual characteristics that distinguish it from others (form, scope, color, smell, size and so on). The most important characteristic of an object is the name, but for a full qualitative description of it, one name is not enough. The more fully and in detail the object is described, the easier the process of its recognition.
Models. Definition Classification
In his activity (educational, scientific, artistic, technological), a person daily uses existing ones and creates new models of the outside world. They allow you to create an impression of processes and objects inaccessible to direct perception (very small or, conversely, very large, very slow or very fast, very distant and so on).
So, a model is an object that reflects the most important features of the phenomenon, object or process being studied. There may be several variations of the models of the same object, just as several objects can be described by one single model. For example, a similar situation occurs in mechanics, when different bodies with a material shell can be expressed by material points, that is, by the same model (person, car, train, plane).
It is important to remember that no model is able to fully replace the depicted object, since it displays only some of its properties. But sometimes when solving certain problems of various scientific and industrial trends, describing the appearance of a model can be not only useful, but the only way to present and study the characteristics of the characteristics of an object.
Scope of modeling subjects
Models play an important role in various areas of human life: in science, education, trade, design and others. For example, without their use it is impossible to design and assemble technical devices, mechanisms, electrical circuits, machines, buildings, and so on, since without preliminary calculations and creating a drawing it is impossible to produce even the simplest details.
Often used models for educational purposes. They bear the names of visuals. For example, from geography, a person receives the idea of the Earth as a planet by studying the globe. Visual models are also relevant in other sciences (chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology and others).
In turn, theoretical models are in demand in the study of natural and exact sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, geometry). They reflect the properties, behavior and structure of the objects being studied.
Modeling as a process
Modeling - a method of cognition, which includes the study of existing and the creation of new models. The subject of knowledge of this science is the model. The types of models are ranked according to various properties. As you know, any object has many characteristics. When creating a specific model, only the most important for solving the task are highlighted.
The process of creating models is artistic creativity in all its diversity. In this regard, virtually every work of art or literature can be considered as a model of a real object. For example, paintings are models of real landscapes, still lifes, people, literary works - models of human lives and so on. For example, when creating an airplane model in order to study its aerodynamic qualities, it is important to reflect the geometric properties of the original in it, but its color is absolutely unimportant.
The same objects are studied by different sciences from different points of view, and accordingly, their types of models for study will also differ. For example, physics studies the processes and results of the interaction of objects, chemistry - the chemical composition, biology - the behavior and structure of organisms.
Time Relative Model
Regarding time, the models are divided into two types: static and dynamic. An example of the first type is a one-time examination of a person in a clinic. It displays a picture of his current state of health, while his medical record will be a dynamic model that reflects changes in the body over a period of time.
Model. Types of models relative to shape
As already clear, models can vary in different characteristics. So, all the currently known types of data models can be divided into two main classes: material (subject) and information.
The first view conveys the physical, geometric and other properties of objects in material form (anatomical model, globe, building model, and so on).
Types of information models vary in form of implementation: symbolic and figurative. Figurative models (photographs, drawings, etc.) are visual implementations of objects fixed on a specific medium (photo, film, paper or digital).
They are widely used in the educational process (posters), in the study of various sciences (botany, biology, paleontology and others). Sign models are realizations of objects in the form of symbols of one of the well-known language systems. They can be presented in the form of formulas, text, tables, diagrams, and so on. There are cases when, when creating a symbolic model (types of models convey exactly the content that is required to study certain characteristics of an object), several well-known languages are used. An example in this case are various graphs, charts, maps, and the like, where both graphic symbols and symbols of one of the language systems are used.
In order to reflect information from various spheres of life, three main types of information models are used: network, hierarchical and tabular. Of these, the most popular is the latter, used to fix various states of objects and their characteristic data.
Table implementation of the model
This type of information model, as mentioned above, is the most famous. It looks like this: it is a regular rectangular table consisting of rows and columns, the columns of which are filled with symbols of one of the famous symbolic languages of the world. Tabular models are used to characterize objects that have the same properties.
With their help, in various scientific fields both dynamic and static models can be created. For example, tables containing mathematical functions, various statistics, train schedules, and so on.
Mathematical model. Types of models
A separate kind of information models are mathematical. All kinds of mathematical models usually consist of equations written in the language of algebra. The solution to these problems, as a rule, is based on the process of searching for equivalent transformations that contribute to the expression of a variable in the form of a formula. Exact solutions for some equations also exist (square, linear, trigonometric, and so on). As a result, to solve them, one has to apply solution methods with approximate given accuracy, in other words, such types of mathematical data as numerical (half division method), graphical (graphing) and others. The half division method is advisable to use only under the condition that a segment is known where the function for certain values of the root of the equation takes polar values.
And the method of plotting is unified. It can be used both in the above case and in a situation where the solution can only be approximate, and not exact, in the case of the so-called “rough” solution of the equations.