The problem of youth employment has always worried government agencies, since this is the issue directly related to social policy. In order to ensure a high standard of living of the population through national resources, it is important to understand this issue and find the most practical solutions.
Youth and unemployment: concepts
The problem of youth employment in Russia has been popular since ancient times, including under the tsar-priest. It is important to note that before finding solutions to a difficult issue, you need to carefully understand the terminology, and then determine the most effective ways to eliminate it.
Please note: if a source addresses youth employment problems, an article, review, or abstract will necessarily contain a number of definitions and concepts. So, in the modern sense, youth is a social, demographic group of people whose circle is limited to a certain age. Among the distinguishing features can be distinguished such as the performance of certain functions for society, specific views, interests, values, place among other groups of people.
An important distinguishing criterion for this group is age. Many scientists still cannot agree on what age frameworks should be. So, some establish the initial border from 13-14 years, while others remove it from 29-30 years of age. In addition, the concept of youth is inextricably linked with certain activities. So, among this group of people, military personnel, students, students working in certain specialties are most often found, and so on.
About unemployment
The problem of youth employment requires careful consideration of the concept of “unemployment”. Unemployment in the modern sense is a socio-economic phenomenon, which is characterized by special complexity. In this case, part of the active population that is able to earn a living is not able to realize their potential due to the lack of decent jobs. It is worth noting that most often the labor market and the problems of youth employment are associated with a great desire to realize their potential by young people, but at the same time with a catastrophic lack of job vacancies.
Normative regulation
The legislation currently regulates the unemployment rate only for persons who have reached the age of 16. So, according to national law, people who do not have a working income or other basic income for the implementation of their labor skills are considered unemployed. There are several conditions: a person must be in the territory of the Russian Federation, must be registered with the employment service, and also be in search of work.
The problem of employment of modern youth: the demographic aspect
As you know, Russia as an independent state was able to "get on its feet" only at the beginning of the twenty-first century after the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was during this period that radical changes occurred not only in the field of economics, jurisprudence, but also in the field of social policy, including considering ways to solve the problem of youth employment. At present, such a group as youth accounts for 22 percent of the total population, or 32 million people in Russia.
Quite controversial is the problem of youth employment in the light of education. It is impossible not to note the fact that young people strive for knowledge, try to enter higher education institutions, but here a new problem awaits each future specialist, related to job search. As a result, a new problem arises with the employment of university graduates. As a result of the expansion of the problematic issue, most of the former students are forced to work outside their specialty, which means that the knowledge, skills and abilities that young people received within the walls of a state institution are essentially useless. This means that the state spent budget funds in vain. The real picture will be able to show statistics. For 2016, the official unemployment rate is 30% of the entire group. And this includes not only schoolchildren, but also those people who have not reached the age of 29 years, that is, former students, graduate students, conscripts, and so on. It is worth noting that not every citizen applies to the employment service, so the above figure in fact can be of surprisingly great importance.
Features of the considered social group
The problem of youth employment is inextricably linked with the features that are inherent in this community of people. As a rule, difficulties associated with adapting to modern conditions in the economic sphere and the marketing field are of primary importance. An important role is played by the process of choosing a profession, searching for oneself and self-realization, employment, as well as housing and other economic problems.
Labor market
Almost all conditions regarding the problem of youth employment in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Khakassia, and the Sverdlovsk Region are dictated by the modern labor market. This term refers to social and labor relations that exist in close relationship with each other and form, as a result of the implementation, a system of social relations that regulate the procedure and conditions for the recruitment of labor, its use and exchange, the mechanism of supply and demand, pricing and many other aspects related to labor interaction.
The youth labor market requires special attention, as it is a special element among the aforementioned complex mechanism of labor relations. It has its own laws and socio-demographic features. Each employer offering a vacancy for a young person should consider that this category is characterized by emotional instability, rapidly changing life values, lack of work experience and experience, and low professional status.
As for the positive aspects, the youth is characterized by mobility, a high level of potential, as well as the ability to quickly look for all kinds of ways to solve the problem, unlike categories such as disabled people or mothers on maternity leave.
"Working" factors
The problem of youth employment in Russia is due to a number of factors. On the one hand, almost every teenager or graduate of an educational institution dreams of a prestigious job, where he will realize the full potential that teachers have invested in him. And on the other hand, not every teenager is able to find himself in conditions of fierce competition, especially among those who have a large amount of knowledge, skills.
Problems of employment, youth employment depend on the following factors, namely: the level of material income of each individual family; the possibility of self-realization is already at the training stage; higher or vocational education; realization of their rights and social guarantees provided by the state. If we turn to the first section of this article, then there is a significant amplitude of the age range: from 13 to 30 years. That is why several subgroups stand out among young people.
Youth subgroups: first category
The main problems of youth employment are inextricably linked with a specific subgroup: from 14 to 18 years. This group includes 95% of college and college students. This age period is accompanied by the assimilation and adoption of basic life values, which in the future will have a strong impact on the social formation of a teenager as a person. From the age of 14, active adaptation to the conditions of life and society begins to take shape.
From the age of 12-14, each person begins to think about who he would like to become, what profession he would choose. The problem of employment of modern youth in Russia has some specifics. And all due to the fact that in foreign countries the working age is much higher. In the modern state, 80% of young people earned their first money before reaching adulthood. It is worth noting that this trend is not positive, since labor employment, even partial, negatively affects the learning process. If this problem arises in a university, the quality of training of a future specialist suffers from this.
Youth subgroups: second category
The problem of employment of modern youth is inherent in people under 24 years of age, that is, its second subgroup is made up of young people from 18 to 24 years old.
As a rule, the bulk of it is made up of males who have served in the army, as well as students continuing their studies, or specialists who have just graduated from a university. The problems of this group are associated with a lack of work experience. That is, in fact, all specialists have a sufficient level of knowledge that allows them to effectively carry out labor activities, but in fact, employers are reluctant to accept young people without work experience and seniority.
Youth subgroups: third category
It is easy to guess that the third and last subgroup included in youth are people from 25 to 30 years old. As a rule, its representatives are already positioning themselves as successful specialists or have experience in a certain field.
The main problems of youth employment in this period are associated with high financial requirements for work. So, most representatives of this group have got a family, therefore, financial requests grow significantly, which directly affects the level of wages.
The specifics of the youth market
The solution to the problems of youth employment can only be found by considering all its features. Based on the information that will be obtained as a result of a study of the specifics of the youth market, it is quite possible to develop a mechanism and find ways to resolve problematic issues.
The primary feature is the constant volatility of the labor market. This means that supply and demand are constantly changing. At one time, there were vacancies that allowed even teenagers under the age of majority to be hired, but at the same time, after 5-10 years, the situation would completely change in the opposite direction.
Low competitiveness
Youth - this is the group whose representatives, due to age characteristics and mental development, have a minimum amount of tools in order to be competitive in the labor market. Lack of the necessary knowledge, skills, working experience, and working experience do not allow employers to take risks and accept such workers into the organization.
Moreover, for the employer there are a huge number of restrictions and additional payments related to the work of a minor. Here, the legislation establishes rather strict rules related to the rights of the child, which, of course, is disadvantageous for a person who can hire an adult without any problems.
Female employment
An extremely difficult situation in the labor market has developed in relation to the fair sex. Among graduates of higher educational institutions, the majority are women. It is important to note here that employers are reluctant to accept young women to work, arguing that they will soon go on maternity leave.
Of course, the law prohibits the employer from using the abovementioned grounds for refusing admission. However, along with this, the bosses find a huge number of other reasons relating to "why you do not suit us."
In general, solving problems related to the youth labor market is necessary at the moment. The active dynamics of variability suggests that social programs that are thought out by the state or municipal authorities for several years ahead have no result.
With this approach, it is impossible to foresee all the changes that will occur in 5 or 7 years and will affect the development of youth subgroups. That is why ways to solve the problem of youth employment, whether they are represented by a program or other social guarantees, must be adjusted.