Quite often, situations arise when a person needs surgical intervention. A few decades ago, doctors used laparotomy. In the process of conducting it, the patient is injected into deepest sleep using general anesthesia, after which the abdominal wall, muscles and tissues are dissected. Next, the necessary manipulations are performed and the tissues are sutured in layers. This method of intervention has many disadvantages and consequences. That is why the development of medicine does not stand still.
Recently, almost every medical institution has all the conditions for a more gentle surgical intervention.
Laparoscopy
This is a method of surgical intervention or diagnosis, after which a person can quickly return to the usual rhythm of life and get a minimum of complications from the manipulation.
Laparoscopy in gynecology
The use of this manipulation gained quite a lot of popularity. If the doctor does not have the opportunity to make an accurate diagnosis to the patient, then this type of procedure will help in this. Laparoscopy in gynecology is used in the treatment or removal of tumors, for the treatment of infertility in women. Also, this method will help to most accurately eliminate the adhesive process and remove foci of endometriosis.
Other applications
In addition to the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological pathologies, laparoscopy of the gallbladder, intestines, stomach and other organs can be performed. Quite often, using this method, one or another organ or part of it is removed.
Indications for the intervention
Laparoscopy is a correction method that has indications for conducting, like any other surgical intervention:
- Severe internal bleeding.
- A rupture of an organ.
- Female infertility with no established cause.
- Tumors of the ovaries, uterus, or other abdominal organs.
- The need for ligation or removal of the fallopian tubes.
- The presence of an adhesion process that brings severe discomfort to a person.
- Treatment of an ectopic pregnancy.
- With the development of endometriosis or other diseases of the organs.
In some cases, laparoscopy is not the best treatment option and laparotomy is necessary.
Contraindications for intervention
Laparoscopy is never performed in the following cases:
- In the presence of a severe stage of vascular or heart disease.
- During a person’s stay in a coma.
- With poor blood coagulation.
- With colds or poor tests (exceptions are urgent cases that can not be delayed).
Before surgery
The patient is recommended to undergo a small examination before surgery. All tests assigned to a person must comply with the standards that the hospital has. Planned laparoscopy before conducting involves the following examination:
- The study of blood analysis of general and biochemical.
- Determination of blood coagulation.
- Analysis of urine.
- Fluorography and cardiogram examination.
If an emergency operation is performed, then the doctor is limited to a minimum list of tests, which include:
- Blood test per group and coagulability.
- Pressure measurement.
Patient preparation
Scheduled operations are usually scheduled for before dinner time. The day before the manipulation, the patient is recommended to limit food intake in the evening. Also, the patient is given an enema, which is repeated in the morning before surgery.
On the day for which the manipulation is prescribed, the patient is forbidden to drink and eat food.
Since laparoscopy is the most sparing method of surgical intervention, microinstruments are used during its implementation, and small incisions are made in the abdominal cavity.
To begin with, the patient is put into a state of sleep. The anesthetist calculates the required dose of the drug, taking into account the gender, weight, height and age of the patient. When the anesthesia has worked, the person is connected to an artificial respiration apparatus. This is necessary so that during the operation there are no unforeseen situations, since the abdominal organs are exposed to the intervention.
Then the patient is inflated with a special gas. This will help the doctor to freely move the instruments in the abdominal cavity and not to hook its upper wall.
Operation progress
After the preparation of the patient is completed, the doctor makes several incisions in the abdominal cavity. If cyst laparoscopy is performed, then incisions are made in the lower abdomen. If surgery is needed in the intestines, gall bladder or stomach, then incisions are made at the location of the target.
In addition to small holes for instruments, the surgeon makes one incision, which is somewhat larger. It is necessary for the introduction of a video camera. This incision is usually performed above or below the navel.
After all the tools are inserted into the abdominal wall and the camcorder is connected correctly, the doctor sees on the big screen a several times enlarged image. Focusing on him, they perform the necessary manipulations in the human body.
The time period for laparoscopy can vary from 10 minutes to one hour.
Condition after surgery
Upon completion of the manipulations, the doctor removes the tools and manipulators from the abdominal cavity and partially releases the air, which raised the abdominal wall. After this, the patient is brought back to senses and turned off by monitoring devices.
The doctor checks the condition of the reflexes and the reaction of the person, after which he transfers the patient to the postoperative ward. All patient movements are carried out strictly on a special gurney with the help of medical personnel.
In the first hours, it is not recommended to give the patient a drink, as vomiting may begin. When a person begins to move away from anesthesia, you can give him plain water one sip.
After a few hours, it is recommended to lift the upper body and try to sit down. You can get up no earlier than five hours after the end of the operation. It is recommended that you take the first steps after the intervention with outside help, as there is a big risk of losing consciousness.
The patient is discharged on time five days or a week after the operation, subject to good health and positive dynamics. Sutures from the cuts are removed on average two weeks after the intervention.
Postoperative Recovery
If a tumor was treated, then after laparoscopy, the cyst or its fragment is sent for histological examination. Only after receiving the results can the patient be prescribed subsequent treatment.
When removing the gallbladder or part of another organ, a histological examination is performed if necessary to clarify the diagnosis.
If the operation was performed on the female organs, then the ovaries after laparoscopy should “rest” for some time. For this, the doctor prescribes the necessary hormonal drugs. Also, the patient is shown taking anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs.
Clinic selection
Before giving preference to the institution where the laparoscopy will be performed, the cost of work and hospital stay should be taken into account and agreed with the attending physician. Analyze the work and cost of service in several places and make a choice.
If the surgery is urgent, then most likely no one will ask about preferences and you will be assisted in a state medical institution. In this case, laparoscopy does not have a cost. All manipulations are free of charge if you have an insurance policy.
The consequences and complications of surgery
In most cases, laparoscopy has a positive effect on human health. However, sometimes complications can arise both in the process of manipulation, and after it.
Perhaps the main complication is the formation of an adhesion process. This is an inevitable consequence of all surgical interventions. It is worth saying that during laparotomy, the development of the adhesion process occurs faster and is more pronounced.
Another complication that may arise during the operation is an injury to neighboring organs by the introduced manipulators. As a result, internal bleeding may begin . That is why at the end of the manipulation, the doctor examines the abdominal cavity and organs for damage.
After surgery, the patient may feel pain in the clavicle. This is completely normal and does not last more than one week. Such discomfort is explained by the fact that the gas “walking” through the body searches for a way out and acts on nerve receptors and tissues.
Never be afraid of upcoming laparoscopy. This is the most gentle method of surgical treatment. Do not be sick and be healthy!