The changes in Russian society associated with democracy are also the result of active efforts to reform the educational system. According to the strategy of modernization of general education, these efforts are primarily aimed at creating conditions that fully ensure the humanistic nature of the education received, its high quality, the focus of the system on supporting and developing the individuality of each student, and opportunities for his self-realization and self-determination. In this article, we consider pedagogical activity and the subjects of the educational process, in particular.
Subject as a category of philosophical and psychological science
Today, the category is one of the central in philosophy, especially when it comes to ontology (Descartes, Aristotle, Hegel, Kant). It is worth noting that it plays a significant role in modern psychological science (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, S.L. Rubinshtein, A.V. Brushlinsky). The analysis of the subjects of the educational process, which includes two interrelated forms of it - educational and pedagogical - lies in the mainstream of both the pedagogical and the general philosophical tasks. Among the subjective characteristics defined in the teachings of S.L. Rubinstein, the following should be noted:
- The category of the subject is somehow connected with the category of the object. For this reason, Rubinstein captures two interrelated aspects:
one). Being as an objective reality, an object of awareness by man.
2). A person as a subject, who is cognitive, revealing being, realizing his self-consciousness.
- By the knowing subject, in other words, the subject of scientific cognition, in our case, the subject of the educational process, we should understand the social subject who is aware of the cognizable being in certain forms that have developed in the socio-historical way.
- A public subject is able to exist, to be realized both in the life of a specific individual and in activity.
- Each subject can be defined through its relationship to another.
J. Piaget considered activity as one of the main characteristics of the subject of the educational process, activities of any kind, and so on. According to the teachings of J. Piaget, the subject is in continuous interaction with the environment. From birth, the functional activity of the device is characteristic of him, thanks to which he is able to structure the environment that affects him. It is worth noting that activity is manifested in actions, which include various kinds of transformations, object transformations (combining, moving, deleting, etc.), as well as the formation of certain structures. Piaget emphasizes the most important idea for pedagogical psychology that there is in any case an interaction between the subject of the educational process (child, parent or teacher) and his object, which proceeds in the context of the previous contact and, accordingly, the previous subjective reaction. In other words, the subject of an activity or an individual action in a broader sense is a recreating, active and transforming principle. One way or another, he is an actor.
General characteristics of the subject of the educational process
Among the main subjective features of a general nature, it is important to note the following:
- The subject in one way or another assumes an object.
- The subject of the educational process is endowed with a specific, individual form of implementation. It must be added that the collective subject can be represented in every person, and vice versa.
- The subject is a social category in form (methods, techniques, tools) of its impact (practical or cognitive).
- Activities, regulated in a conscious way, are always considered subjective, and the formation and subsequent development of the subject of the educational process takes place in it.
- Under the subject of individual activity it is necessary to understand a person who acts consciously.
- Subjectivity is determined by the system of relations between people. It's about activity, partiality.
- Subjectivity should be understood as the integrity of activity, being, self-awareness and communication.
- Subjectivity is nothing but a dynamic principle that appears and disappears. It cannot exist without action from the subject of the educational process.
- By subjectivity it is advisable to understand the category of interpsychic.
It is important to supplement that I.A. Winter among the subjective characteristics of a person also includes its features and as a person as a subject of the educational process (a child, for example, will somehow differ from other children in character traits, behavior). By E.A. Klimov, it includes motives, orientation; attitude to activity, oneself and the world around; self-regulation, which is expressed in the following qualities: composure, patience, organization, creativity, self-discipline, the intellectual characteristics of personality, as well as emotionality.
General Features Comments
It is worth noting that all the characteristics of the subject of the educational process (parent, child, teacher) mentioned in the previous chapter are inherent in it in a minimized or complete form. When characterizing the subjects of educational activity, it is necessary first of all to take into account that each teacher and student, being public entities (pedagogical association or apprenticeship), when combined together act as a complex subject of the educational process. You need to know that the aggregate subject that “regulates” social values ​​is in every educational system, administrative structure, teaching staff, student community (for example, the institute will focus on the administration, department, dean's office, study groups). The activities of the subjects of the educational process, characterized by complex significance, are guided and regulated by program and regulatory documentation.
It should be noted that absolutely each of the specific subjects included in the complex subject is endowed with its own, but coordinated, united goals. They are presented, as a rule, in the form of specific results, but with a distinction between functional and roles, due to which the education process is a rather complex polymorphic activity. The general goal of the process of education as an activity is the preservation, as well as the further development of the social and social experience that has been accumulated by civilization, a specific community, and people. It can be implemented in two ways that are directed towards each other. We are talking about the transfer and reception, organization of the development of this experience, as well as its subsequent assimilation. We are talking about the complex ideal and the main subject of the educational process, the effectiveness of which is determined primarily by the recognition by both sides of a civilizationally significant goal of a general nature.
A specific feature of the subjects of the educational process
A specific characteristic of the subjects of the educational process is their motivational sphere, which consists of two aspects. So, the pedagogical support of the subjects of the educational process is carried out in order to achieve a goal of a general nature: "For students and only after that - for themselves." The subject of the educational activity acts in the opposite direction of the named scheme: “For oneself to achieve a common goal” as not always an explicated and distant perspective. The general point of the educational process “for the student” on the part of the teacher and “for himself” on the part of the student defines “really acting”, pragmatic - according to A.N. Leontiev is a motive. It is worth noting that it is he who characterizes the actions of the complex ideal subject of the inclusive educational process, presented by the teacher and student. “Understood” motives, as it were, are laid in the foundation of the educational process. However, they are not always always fully recognized not only by the student, but also by the teacher.
Subject of the educational process
The subject of the process of education as an activity of a complex subject, that is, what it is directed at, is the values ​​of public consciousness, a system of methods of activity, knowledge, the transfer of which on the part of teachers meets specific methods of their development by students. If the methods of development coincide with those methods of action that teachers offer, then integrated activity can deliver satisfaction to both parties. If at this point there are discrepancies, then the community of the subject as a whole is violated.
In accordance with the teachings of S.L. Rubinstein, an important characteristic of the subject of activity is that he is formed, and receives development in it. The aforementioned provision refers not only to the development of the student (as is commonly believed in society), but also to the improvement of the teacher himself, as well as to his self-development. It is worth noting that the specificity of the educational process lies in the interoperability and complementarity of these two phenomena. That is, the development of the student implies the continuous self-development of the teacher, which serves as a condition for the development of the student. It is important to know that the ideal complex subject of the educational process is represented by P.F. Kapterev as one educational field, a field of development and learning. The subjects of the inclusive educational process are doomed to self-development, whose inner strength acts as a source, as well as an impulse for the development and growth of each of them.
The formation of the subject in the system of relationships
The specificity of the subject of the educational process also reflects such an important characteristic as the formation and further development of the subject in the system of his relations with other persons. The educational process in the pedagogical system of any type is represented by various people or their groups (today there are teachers, teachers, classrooms and other varieties of groups). That is why the problem associated with the collective subject, that is, the interaction of the subjects of the educational process, is currently an independent link, a production and educational problem, a question of the relationship between students (Y.L. Kolominsky) and the collective of teachers. This is a special case of a social community (A.I. Dontsov, A.V. Petrovsky, E.N. Emelyanov and so on).
Thus, all subjects of the educational process are characterized by both general, that is, features peculiar to the subject of activity, cognition, life in general, and specific to them as subjects of the educational process, in which the corresponding characteristics are revealed. Only now, having fully examined the concept, general and specific features, as well as the issue of relations between the subjects of the educational process, it is advisable to go directly to the subjects and their description.
The subjects of the educational process: students
In the present chapters 4 and 5 of the Law on Education, the following subject composition of the educational process is provided:
- Students (pupils, students) and their parents or other legal representatives.
- Scientific and pedagogical, pedagogical, leading and other employees of structures that implement educational activities.
It is important to note that it is customary to classify students in educational institutions (depending on the development of a variety of educational programs): pupils, students; students (cadets); graduate students; adjuncts; residents; trainee assistants; listeners; externs.
One way or another, students should be granted certain rights: to choose an organization that implements educational activities, as well as to forms of education; training in accordance with an individual curriculum, including accelerated learning; within the framework of the mastered educational program, providing the student with the conditions for learning, taking into account the characteristics of his psychophysical development and, of course, his state of health; to participate in the creation of the content of their own professional education (it is worth adding that the mentioned right may be limited by the terms of the contract regarding targeted training).
One way or another, students are granted the right to choose optional (in other words, optional for a particular level of education, specialty, profession or preparatory area) and elective (in other words, compulsory elected) subjects for the implementation of the learning process, courses, modules (disciplines ) from the list proposed by the institution carrying out educational activities (after receiving the main general education). In addition, any student has the right to master - along with academic subjects, disciplines (modules), courses - in accordance with the mastered educational program of other educational subjects, disciplines (modules), courses taught at an organization that implements educational activities in a certain her order, as well as taught in other institutions involved in educational activities, educational subjects, disciplines (modules), courses; to master several key professional educational programs simultaneously. It is necessary to add that it is about the programs that should be read out by the structure that implements educational activities in the order named by it.
Teachers as subjects of the educational process
You should know that the psychological and pedagogical support of the subjects of the educational process is carried out precisely by teachers. Chapter 5 of the Law on Education defines the legal status of managers, teachers and other employees of educational institutions, as well as the rights and freedoms of teachers, guarantees for their implementation.
Recognition of special social status for teachers, the formation of acceptable conditions for their professional activities, social support activities aimed primarily at ensuring their high level in the professional plan, the conditions for the effective implementation of professional tasks, the relative increase in importance in society, the prestige of teachers - all this is fixed at the level of legislation in force in the country. It should be noted that teachers are endowed with a number of rights. Hence, the corresponding principles of their activity are formed:
- The freedom of teaching.
- Freedom from outside interference in professional work.
- Expression of own opinion.
- Freedom of choice and further application of methods, forms and means of education and training, justified at the pedagogical level.
- The right to develop and subsequent use of copyrighted methods and programs of education and training within the framework of an ongoing educational program of a general type, a separate training course, subject, module (discipline); the right to creative initiative.
It must be borne in mind that during working hours of teachers, depending on the position they occupy, educational, teaching (educational) work is included; individual lessons with students; creative, scientific and, of course, research activities; other work of teachers provided for by official (labor) duties and (or) individual plan. It is also advisable to include methodological, organizational, preparatory, diagnostic activities here; monitoring work; classes provided for by the plans of physical education, educational, creative, sports and other events that are held with students.
Parents or legal representatives as subjects
The issue of managing the subjects of the educational process - we are talking about students - today is quite acute. Not only teachers, but also parents or legal representatives of minors take part in its decision, the implementation of relevant measures and measures. , , , 44-45 . , , , , , .
Conclusion
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It should be borne in mind that candidates for the position of such an entity in the educational process as the head of an institution must fully comply with the qualification requirements specified in special qualification directories. Candidates for the post of director of a municipal or state educational institution undergo certification without fail. Candidates for the position of director of the federal state. educational institutions are agreed with the state. Federal authority authorized by the President of the Russian Federation.