The economical use of electricity today is based on the use of conservation technologies. In modern conditions, this issue has become very relevant. This is mainly due to the increase in capacity of various enterprises. Next, consider what constitutes the efficient use of electricity.
Enterprise Strategies
When developing long-term plans, any production focuses primarily on cost, load and capacity. Equally important in the strategy of enterprises is the share of capital investments in modernization for the coming years. For many managers, the rational use of electricity is in last place. However, the urgency of this problem makes us pay close attention to it. Modernization of technological capacities and efficient use of electricity should be consistent with the strategic plan of any enterprise. Otherwise, there may be an imbalance in the expenditure of funds, which, in turn, is fraught with failure to achieve the goals in terms of output.
Electricity use in agriculture
Today, as experts say, the implementation of saving measures by enterprises is not carried out actively enough. Improving the efficiency of electricity supply in agriculture is a rather large and complex task. Closely connected with this issue are problems of improving quality and enhancing the reliability of supply. Specialists recommend paying special attention to reducing energy losses, as well as developing measures for its rational use. These tasks and methods for solving them must be included in the strategic plan of any enterprise.
Solution
The potential danger of increased enterprise costs can be overcome by implementing a phased plan for energy and technological modernization of production capacities with previously known indicators of costs and output. The implementation of the program should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the product, the duration of the enterprise.
Outdated equipment
The most important factor for the implementation of promising savings programs is the development of an optimal plan, which involves the replacement of long-running power plants. Many of them have been working in enterprises for more than 15 years. Outdated equipment, in particular boiler room, is characterized by high, unclaimed power today. The problem of long-running installations significantly slows down the development of modern industry. Operation of outdated equipment does not require large capital investments. But due to wear and tear, breakdowns periodically occur. This, in turn, leads to a simple production process. As a result, costs for maintenance, repair, and replacement of components increase. At the same time, there is an opinion that postponing investments for the modernization of such plants will save the company money. However, as practice shows, as a result, expenses are not only not reduced, but also significantly increased.
Implementation of promising projects
Usually, plans involving the efficient use of electricity begin to be implemented in accordance with the general modernization program for all equipment. The formation of the necessary conditions for the implementation of such projects occurs when the enterprise management in the process of planning and calculating the cost of production understands the actual level of resource consumption. In particular, the utilization of electricity is taken into account. In these cases, management tries to find the most quickly implemented and least costly ways to save. The fulfillment of this task is the first stage of the strategic program of the enterprise. Subsequent implementation of the project usually involves activities in several areas, the solution of new, more complex tasks. After achieving the necessary results of the first stage, new goals are set. They provide more flexible cost control and cost management for electricity use. After that, programs are put in place and implemented to replace obsolete equipment with more modern equipment. Often this requires serious financial investment.
The importance of calculations
Efficient use of electricity is achieved if the modernization of the main equipment at the enterprise is carried out in conjunction with the analysis of the volume and optimization of the use of enterprise resources. A necessary element of the program in this case is the calculation of the energy coefficient in the cost of manufactured products. For each industry, it is different. Thus, the energy component for ferrous metallurgy is 40%, engineering is 20%, water production is 30%, and so on. This proportion may be negligible. However, in this case, the competent use of electricity in industry allows you to generate an additional volume of production. At the same time, the undersupply of the resource will many times exceed its cost.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines
The main objective of an enterprise striving for modernization is the reduction of resource losses in all parts of the system and in the plants themselves. Competent production, transmission and use of electricity to ensure an uninterrupted technological process is carried out in several directions. The main ones are:
1. The optimal construction of the supply system during reconstruction. This approach includes the use of:
- rational stress;
- total number of transformations;
- location of the substation;
- the number and power of transformers in substations;
- reactive power compensation;
- power supply schemes and so on.
2. Reducing losses in existing systems. It includes:
- voltage regulation;
- management and control of power consumption modes;
- reduction of idle receivers;
- modernization of the existing and use of more modern, economical and reliable electrical and technological equipment;
- the use of optimal methods for regulating the operating modes of ventilation and pumping units;
- Installation of automatic lighting control throughout the day;
- increase in the quality of electricity ;
- application of the most optimal mode of operation of power transformers.
3. Rationing of power consumption, development of scientifically based standards for specific energy consumption per unit of output. To implement this task, the enterprise must operate a unified system of control and accounting.
4. Preparation of balances in accordance with which the production, transmission and use of electricity are carried out. They are developed first for individual plants and units, moving gradually to the workshops, and then to the whole enterprise as a whole.
5. Organizational and technical measures. Their development is carried out taking into account the specifics of an enterprise.
Resource loss
All installations that are included in the supply system, including transformers and lines, are characterized by active resistances. As a result, the production and use of electricity is carried out with its losses. Most of them occur in transformers and on lines. Practical calculations are usually carried out taking into account losses in these elements of the system. Losses in transformer windings, wires and cables are proportional to the square of the load current flowing through them, which determines their name - load. They are also often referred to as variables. This is due to the fact that the load current usually varies over time.
Organizational activities
As consumption increases and new installations join the network, losses increase. Electricity enterprises carry out systematic calculations. According to their results, if necessary, carry out activities to reduce losses. The main ones include:
- Maintaining on buses of 10 kV and 0.38 kV at transformer substations or points 10 / 0.4 kV, RTP 110 ... 35/10 kV of the optimal voltage level.
- Phase load balancing in networks with voltage of 0.38 kV.
- Selection of the optimal sections for opening the overhead lines (overhead lines) with a voltage of 10 ... 35 kV with two-way power supply.
- Shutdown of one transformer in low load mode at two-transformer substations, as well as at substations with seasonal load.
- Reduced use of electricity for PS own needs.
- Decrease in terms of maintenance and repair of switchgears, lines and transformers.
Technical Activities
Organizational measures, as well as methods for improving accounting systems, usually do not require significant upfront costs. In this regard, it is always advisable to carry them out. With technical measures, the situation is somewhat different. They are associated with additional investments. Among the main technical measures, the following should be highlighted:
- Installation of static capacitors, batteries equipped with automatic power control.
- Replacement of overloaded and underloaded transformers at consumer substations.
- Installation on RTP equipment with voltage regulation under load.
- Replacement on overloaded wire lines, including branches from overhead lines to buildings.
- Transfer of networks to high rated voltage.
Reactive power compensation
This event is considered the most effective. The principle of this compensation by capacitors connected in parallel is as follows: the part of the power that is transmitted through the line is reactive, in particular, it is not expended on mechanical work or heat. It acts only as a measure of energy, which the magnetic fields of the receiver and source exchange with each other. But at the same time, a current that corresponds to reactive power passing through the transmission line provokes losses. This problem, however, can be solved. In order to ensure the highest possible economic efficiency, capacitor banks in networks with a voltage of 0.38 kV should have such power that, during periods of the highest reactive load, the rate of which should not be higher than 0.33, the power factor for consumers would be at least 0, 95.
On-load tap-changers
Their installation at substations of 110 ... 35/10 kV ensures the use of electricity in industry not only with minimal losses, but also compliance with normalized voltage deviations at the outlet to consumers. Due to the mismatch between the calculated and actual capacities, some transformers included in the operating network may be underloaded. At the same time, an increase in the load for these plants is unlikely, unless someone decides on the illegal use of electricity by connecting to them. It is advisable to replace such transformers with less powerful devices. In this case, the idle loss will be reduced, and in the windings - increased. Given this circumstance, it is possible to calculate the maximum load of the transformer included in the network, in which replacing with a less powerful device will be advisable.
Network bandwidth
Its increase is carried out through the construction of new substations and lines. The complex of measures also includes the replacement of all overloaded wires during the development of the network in accordance with special projects. The conversion of rural electric power plants to an increased nominal voltage consists only in carrying out lines with a voltage of 10 kV instead of 6 kV. Proper use of electricity primarily involves improving the functioning of receivers. The necessary technical calculations should be carried out for the entire supply system. That is, they should relate to the production, transmission and use of electricity.
Rationing
It is also of no small importance. This measure provides for the establishment of standards for specific resource consumption. Ensuring significant energy savings is possible not only through the development of progressive, science-based standards. Of particular importance in this case is the establishment of material reward systems for the implementation and overfulfillment of norms. The rules for the use of electricity must be periodically reviewed and improved as technological processes change, staff develops, and more modern equipment is used in enterprises. This activity is the responsibility of the employees of the relevant unit. The specific norms for electricity consumption, which were obtained during the calculations, must be checked for this enterprise without fail. This is carried out using measurements over a certain period (work season, year, etc.) in the normal operation of the enterprise. Rationing can be implemented only with the adjusted accounting of energy consumption at the enterprise.
Load graphs
Without them, the competent use of electricity is impossible. Determination of the capacity of transformers, wires and other networks is carried out in accordance with the highest rated load. The more current will flow through the indicated elements of the system throughout the year, day or other period, the more they will be involved. Accordingly, the cost-effectiveness of power supply will be higher. In practice, the actual schedule always differs from the ideal one in that for most of the time the load is lower than the calculated one.