The corpus luteum cyst is a fairly common disease of the female genital organs. It can occur at any age after puberty. The cyst is benign and does not turn into a malignant tumor.
This is a benign neoplasm with the presence of heterogeneous serous fluid and blood clots. Normally, the corpus luteum is formed every month. It produces progesterone very important for conception. If conception has not occurred, then the structure of the corpus luteum dissolves independently at the end of the monthly cycle. However, if functional disturbances have occurred, the formation of a cystic capsule occurs from its cells.
Features of the disease
The corpus luteum cyst is a tumor caused by the accumulation of fluid in the area of the bursting follicle. A similar pathology refers to benign functional neoplasms. Its occurrence is due to a violation in the work of the ovaries. The corpus luteum cyst of the ovary is able to dissolve on its own and is very well treated.
It is localized mainly on the side or behind the uterus. The size of such a neoplasm ranges from 3 to 8 cm, but sometimes it can even reach 20 cm. Like any other cyst, with a favorable course, such an formation does not require special treatment. It can completely resolve after 2 - 3 cycles.
Feature of the disease during pregnancy
When the fetus is born, the cells of the embryo begin to produce gonadotropin, which provokes the production of hormones. Progesterone provides the subsequent normal development of the fetus during the first 2 to 3 months and helps to maintain pregnancy. During this period, a placenta is formed, which begins to maintain a balance of estrogen and progesterone. With a fully formed placenta, the functioning of the corpus luteum ceases, and it undergoes regression.
However, if this does not happen, then against the background of the development of pregnancy, the formation of a corpus luteum cyst occurs, which affects the general hormonal background. In the very early stages of pregnancy, there is a chance of abortion due to a decrease in progesterone in the blood. In this case, a hormonal correction is performed. Basically, a cyst does not have a special effect on pregnancy, and its reverse development occurs some time after childbirth.
Classification
The corpus luteum cyst is classified in its structure into single-chamber and multi-chamber. In the area of localization, such neoplasms can be right-sided and formed on the left. Often, a cavity structure is formed on only one side. However, if 2 mature follicles arise in both gonads, which happens quite rarely, then the cystic capsule can form on both sides.
The cyst of the corpus luteum of the ovary, regardless of its shape, is not at all different in its symptoms. However, the tumor is most often found on the right side.
Causes of occurrence
All the factors that lead to the development of such a neoplasm are not fully established. In the case of the formation of a corpus luteum cyst, the causes are mainly associated with hormonal disorders. Risk factors in this case can be various kinds of concomitant diseases and conditions of the body, in particular, such as:
- the course of inflammation in the ovaries;
- abortion;
- excess weight or its lack;
- severe stress.
Among the provoking factors, hard work can be distinguished. In addition, an incorrectly selected course of hormonal drugs and contraceptives is important.
Any of these factors can serve as an impetus for the development of education in the ovary, including during pregnancy.
Main symptoms
Often, such a benign neoplasm does not manifest itself at all. It is able to proceed completely asymptomatically, and also during the course of the next menstrual cycle, it significantly decreases in size and completely disappears. Among the main symptoms of the corpus luteum cyst with large sizes, one can distinguish such as:
- pain in the area of the appendages;
- bursting and a feeling of heaviness in the area of the neoplasm;
- menstrual irregularities;
- the development of anemia on the background of uterine bleeding;
- a slight increase in temperature;
- frequent urination;
- discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse.
With the development of complications, the signs of pathology are pronounced. In such cases, you must call an ambulance. A woman in this case requires an operation, as the consequences can be life-threatening.
If the neoplasm reaches a significant size, then a leg is formed, which acts as a mount. When the cyst is rotated, the leg is twisted. Such clamping leads to a deterioration in blood circulation, and the tissues begin to gradually die. The occurrence of sharp pain in the lower abdomen can speak of dangerous complications. Symptoms of torsion are manifested quite acutely and are characterized by:
- the presence of acute pain in the abdomen;
- discomfort in the lumbar region;
- nausea and vomiting.
If the neoplasm is not completely twisted, then the symptoms increase very slowly and gradually. If the cyst of the corpus luteum bursts, then the woman has an acute abdominal syndrome, provoked by bleeding in the peritoneum. In this case, signs such as:
- pain in the lower abdomen;
- pallor of the skin;
- abdominal tension;
- stool retention;
- peritoneal irritation;
- sharp decrease in pressure.
If all the signs occur, you should urgently consult a doctor for a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnostics
To make a diagnosis, an analysis of the patient's complaints is required. This takes into account:
- time of onset of symptoms;
- predisposing factors;
- ectopic pregnancy, abortion;
- menstruation regularity.
After the survey, the doctor performs a gynecological examination. A neoplasm is defined as a painful elastic tumor to the right or left of the uterus. To clarify the nature of the diagnosis, ultrasound diagnosis is performed. The corpus luteum cyst on ultrasound is very well visualized and looks like a homogeneous tumor with smooth edges, oval or round in shape. Diagnosis should be carried out several times, namely in the first and second phase of the menstrual cycle.
Additionally, research methods may be required, such as:
- Doppler study;
- blood test for tumor markers;
- pregnancy test.
Diagnostic laparoscopy may be required for a more accurate diagnosis. This method involves visual endoscopic examination.
Treatment features
The methods of treatment of the corpus luteum cyst are selected strictly individually by the attending doctor, depending on the characteristics of the neoplasm. Since in most cases the tumor resolves on its own, no special treatment is prescribed for the patient. With the development of the corpus luteum cyst in the early stages, constant monitoring by a doctor and periodic monitoring of ultrasound is required. If the neoplasm does not decrease in size, then the gynecologist may recommend resorting to conservative therapy, which implies:
- drug treatment;
- physiotherapy;
- lifestyle correction.
With the rapid increase in tumor size, there is a risk of complications. In this case, the doctor recommends surgery.
Conservative therapy
Many patients are interested if they find a corpus luteum cyst, what to do and how the treatment is carried out. After a diagnosis is made for 3 months, the doctor observes a neoplasm under the supervision of an ultrasound scan. During this period, it is recommended to refrain from sexual activity and thermal procedures. After this time, the cyst can dissolve on its own. If this does not happen, then a complex treatment is prescribed. To do this, appoint:
- hormonal contraceptives;
- anti-inflammatory drugs;
- physiotherapeutic techniques.
Treatment of the corpus luteum cyst is carried out with the help of monophasic hormonal contraceptives containing progesterone, in particular, such as Utrozhestan, Dufaston. When using such funds, the hormonal background normalizes quite quickly, the size of the neoplasm decreases. Rectal suppositories will help eliminate inflammation, in particular, such as Voltaren, Indomethacin, and Diclofenac.
Folk techniques
A good addition to the conservative method is the use of traditional medicine. However, they can be used only after consultation with the treating doctor and in combination with drug therapy. For faster resorption of the cyst, you can use such means as:
- burdock leaf juice;
- dandelion root;
- boron uterus;
- chaga mushroom;
- green walnuts.
Pine uterus helps to quickly and effectively cope with many gynecological diseases. Dandelion root helps to reduce the amount of fluid contained within the cyst, as well as prevent the occurrence of new tumors.
Chaga mushroom is used even in official medicine and promotes the resorption of cystic formations not only in the ovaries, but also in the kidneys and mammary gland. If within 1 - 2 months of complex treatment the cyst has not decreased in size, then surgical intervention is required to remove the existing neoplasm.
Surgical intervention
If the dimensions of the corpus luteum cyst are large enough or after conservative therapy the neoplasm has not decreased in size, the doctor may prescribe an operation to remove the tumor. In addition, surgery is required if severe pain is observed.
The main technique is laparoscopic removal of the cystic mass. It is carried out using a special endoscope. It is inserted through small incisions in the peritoneum. Such a technique is one of the most gentle, since working capacity is restored within 3 to 5 days after surgery.
In the event of a sharp, acute circulatory disturbance in the cyst during its suppuration or rupture, urgent surgical intervention is required. The technique of the operation largely depends on the general condition of the patient. If the rupture of the neoplasm is accompanied by heavy bleeding, then laparotomy is indicated. The rehabilitation period is largely dependent on the amount of blood lost and can last for a month.
Physiotherapy and lifestyle
Along with medical treatment, the patient is additionally recommended to carry out physiotherapeutic procedures. They contribute to the resorption of the cystic formation. Often prescribed procedures such as:
- electrophoresis;
- balneotherapy;
- laser therapy;
- magnetotherapy.
Of particular note is the correction of the patient's lifestyle. Failure to observe the most elementary rules that the doctor will recommend can provoke a rapid growth of cystic neoplasm. Patients who are overweight are advised to exercise and follow a diet. All exercises are selected by the attending doctor and at first should be carried out under the supervision of an instructor. Among the contraindications, it is necessary to highlight sharp changes in body position and straining.
It is strictly forbidden to conduct physiotherapy, which involves warming the lower abdomen. It is also recommended to refrain from wraps, as they have a compressive and warming effect. A woman must exclude excessive physical exertion.
If during sexual intercourse there is discomfort and pain, then you need to abandon them. It is not recommended to visit the sauna or bathhouse. It is advisable to abandon the tan in the solarium or on the beach.
Possible complications
Whether a cyst of the corpus luteum is dangerous is of interest to so many women who are diagnosed with this. In some cases, complications such as:
- severe bleeding;
- cyst rupture;
- twisting the legs of the cyst.
With large sizes of cystic formation, the appearance of pains in the lower abdomen of a pulling nature and the intensification of existing symptoms are possible. In addition, the large size of the cyst is very dangerous by rupture of its membrane and the penetration of fluid into the pelvic area.
Especially dangerous is the condition when the rupture of the cyst occurs as a result of hemorrhage. Since the blood through the existing defect penetrates into the abdominal cavity.
Prophylaxis
Prevention of cystic formations of the ovary should be carried out by every woman in order to prevent the formation of pathology that affects reproductive function. To do this, you need:
- timely treatment of existing inflammatory diseases;
- minimization of gynecological and obstetric procedures;
- personal hygiene;
- correction of hormonal disorders;
- regular visit to the gynecologist.
Compliance with preventive measures can prevent the risk of developing a disease or determine it at an early stage.