Sports training is understood as a long-term, continuous process during which the main formation of an athlete takes place. He constantly improves his training, going from a beginner to a master. But to achieve good results, it is necessary that the general principles of sports training are respected.
Definition of a concept
What are the principles of building a sports training? These are such important rules that allow you to achieve the highest results.
If we consider the pedagogical literature, then in it the word “principle”, as a rule, occurs in such a meaning as “requirement”, “initial position”, “basis”. The principles of sports training are a reflection of the already studied patterns that prevail in this area of practical activity. It is these rules that a coach should be guided by, organizing sports and training sessions. He also uses them in regulatory practice.
Varieties of principles
In sports practice, two groups of rules for training are used. In the first case, the principles of sports training are general didactic rules that are characteristic of any process of education and training. This is science and activity, consciousness and a nurturing character, consistency and systematicity, accessibility and visualization. The individual approach, which takes place in collective work, can also be attributed to this.
The second group contains specific principles of sports training.
They reflect those regular relationships that exist between the load and the reaction of the athlete's body to it. In the same group there are also connections that take place between those or other elements from which sports training is built. Special principles of sports training are:
- in-depth specialization and focus on the highest achievements;
- continuity of the training process;
- the unity of the gradual increase in loads and focus on their maximum values;
- variability and undulating loads;
- the cyclical nature of the training process;
- The relationship and unity of the structure of preparedness and competitive activity.
Consider these principles in more detail.
Focus on the highest individual result and maximum achievements
Any preparation of an athlete involves his participation in various competitions. At the same time, the coach always sets up his pupil to win and set a record in the conditions of fierce competition. The general principles of sports training suggest the creation of conditions for the moral, aesthetic and intellectual development of the individual. It is they who orient the athlete to the highest achievements. In addition, these principles should serve the interests of society.
For the ongoing pursuit of the highest results, the most effective means are used, as well as training methods. At the same time, the process of classes and the activities of the teacher are intensified, special nutrition systems are used, and the mode of rest, life and recovery of the body is optimized.
The basic principles of sports training aimed at striving for the highest achievements cannot be observed without continuous improvement of equipment and inventory, as well as the conditions that are created in the venues of the competition and the improvement of their rules.
It is worth noting that the desire to be the first is present not only among professionals. It is also available for those involved in mass sports. For example, a second-rate student in his quest for better results is trying to fulfill the standard for the 1st category. For him, this goal is the path to maximum achievement. Such facts reflect the main characteristic of the principles of sports training, which are aimed at maximum achievement and obtaining the best result.
Individualization and advanced specialization
In order to rise to the pinnacle of sports fame, a person will need to make great efforts and spend a lot of time on preparation. And this becomes the main reason that the combination of personal sports activities simultaneously in several sports is impossible. To achieve the highest results, you will need to adhere to the principle of in-depth specialization. And this is confirmed not only by practical experience, but also by scientific research. One person is not able to achieve high achievements at the same time, not only in different sports, but also in several disciplines of the same type. And this fact clearly indicates how important the principle of specialization is. For its implementation, a maximum concentration of forces will be required, as well as a large investment of time in training, which is the preparation of certain numbers of the competitive program.
Advanced specialization should be planned 2 or 3 years before the age considered optimal for maximum results. Its boundaries are spread depending on the program number, sport, as well as the gender of the trainee. For example, men who specialize in long and medium distance running are able to achieve maximum athletic performance at the age of 24 to 28 years. Sprinter swimmers (men) show the best results in 19-23, and women - from 15 to 18 years.
Of course, there are examples where the age at which an athlete achieves brilliant results goes beyond the established norm. However, as a rule, this happens in those who later began to play sports, or in girls whose body develops at an accelerated pace.
Sports specialization should be carried out taking into account the individual abilities of the pupil. Only this will allow to show his natural talent and satisfy the desire to achieve superior results. If the subject of specialization is chosen incorrectly, then all the efforts of the athlete will be nullified. This will necessarily lead to frustration of the trainee and to his premature termination of active classes.
The principles of sports training, which relate to advanced specialization and individualization, are also used for increased loads, which sometimes come close to the limit of the body's capabilities. They require certain compliance. It concerns the growth of loads and adaptive, and in addition the functional capabilities of the human body. In this case, the development of a person’s fitness and his individual characteristics are necessarily taken into account.
Unity of general as well as special training
Among the many principles of sports training, this one occupies a fundamental position. The realization that the unity of general as well as special training is necessary comes from an understanding of the relationship that exists between specialization and the athlete’s versatile overall development. A general characteristic of the laws of the general principles of sports training indicates that the unity of general as well as special training is a contradictory concept.
It is necessary to select the optimal ratio of these two sides so that they allow you to move towards your goal. And here everything will directly depend on the preparedness that those involved in sports have, as well as on the stage of their sports life. During the preparatory period, from 35% to 70% of the training time can be allocated for general physical training. In the special preparatory - from 35% to 50%, in the competitive - from 30% to 40%, and in the transition - up to 80%. This ratio is relative and concretized by practice and science.
In implementing this principle, it is important to adhere to the following provisions:
- inclusion in the training process not only of general, but also of special training;
- planning the general training of the trainee on the basis of his sports specialization, and special - on the basis of the prerequisites created by the general training;
- compliance with the optimal ratio of special and general training.
Process continuity
The principles (patterns) of sports training must be applied in practice, which will achieve maximum results. At the same time, it is worth remembering that playing sports is a year-round multi-year process. Moreover, all its links are interconnected and subordinate to solving the problem of achieving the highest level of sportsmanship. This is the main characteristic of the principle of continuity of the training process. In addition, it should be remembered that the result of each subsequent lesson seems to overlap with the achievements of the previous ones, developing and consolidating them.
Compliance with the principle of continuity of the training process is impossible without the proper organization of work and rest. Only in this case, the optimal development of the characteristics and qualities of a person will be ensured, by which it will be possible to determine the level of his skill in a particular sports discipline. In addition, it is worth remembering that the intervals between classes should be kept within the limits that serve as a guarantee of the steady development of fitness.
Such a principle does not at all mean that it is necessary to give the student physical activity as often as possible. It only involves the use of a regular combination of moments of variability and repetition, allowing for many options for building classes.
The tendency to ultimate loads and their gradual increase
When can the maximum training effect be obtained? It is known that its achievement is impossible with small physical exertion. And here the principles of sports training can come to the rescue. One of them concerns a gradual increase in loads until they reach a limit value. What does he mean?
The loads received by the athlete should increase gradually, increasing every year. They are supposed to reach their maximum only at the stage when preparations for the highest achievements are in progress. The principles of sports training are:
- increase in working hours from 100-200 hours per year to 1300-1500 hours;
- an increase in the number of training sessions from 2-3 per week to 15-20 and even more;
- an increase in classes during which heavy loads are used (during the week to 5-7);
- increase in the number of training sessions of a selective focus;
- an increase in the share of physical activities received in “harsh” conditions, which helps to strengthen the factor of special endurance;
- growth in participation in competitions;
- phased expansion of the use of psychological, physiotherapeutic and pharmacological agents that contribute to increasing the fitness of the trainee.
Variability and undulating loads
Special principles of sports training include determining the relationship between intensity and volume of physical activity. And this becomes possible with their undulation. In this case, the trainer is able to catch the relationship that exists between periods of intense training and relative recovery, as well as between the loads received in individual training sessions, which have a different focus and size.
It is worth noting that the wave-like dynamics of physical impact allows us to provide the greatest effect to sports training. Only at low loads can you use the method of linear or stepwise increase in loads.
As for the variability, it is able to ensure the comprehensive development of those qualities that indicate the level of achievement of the athlete. At the same time, variability is designed to increase efficiency during the execution of individual programs, exercises and exercises, increasing the total amount of received loads, the intensity of the recovery processes. In addition, it is a preventive measure to prevent overvoltage and overwork of the athlete's body.
Cycle Training
This principle is manifested in the systematic repetitions of individual classes, that is, completed structural elements. The very word "cycle" in Greek means a set of phenomena that form a complete circle in the development of a process.
Compliance with this principle is one of the most important reserves, allowing to improve the training system at the stage when the quantitative parameters of classes have reached their near-limit value. At the same time, it is important that each of the subsequent cycles is not a repetition of the previous one, but uses new elements to constantly complicate the tasks.
Interconnection and unity of preparedness and competitive activity
A properly designed training process has a strict focus, which allows you to effectively bring an athlete to the competition. It should be understood that:
- participation in competitions is an integral characteristic of an athlete’s preparedness;
- the main elements of competitive activity are start, distance speed, pace, finish, etc .;
- the effectiveness of an athlete’s actions is his integral qualities, for example, to the level of distance speed (strength abilities, special endurance, etc.);
- there are characteristics and functional parameters that determine the level of development of integrated abilities (capacity of energy supply systems, power indicators, efficiency, stability, etc.).
The special principles of sports training given in this article cannot be called completed and reflect all the laws necessary to build the most effective training. Indeed, in various sports there is a specificity. In addition, the development of the latest scientific areas that use the achievements of various sports schools is currently ongoing.