Evacuation is an organized process of people leaving the premises on the street or in another safe place, if there is a threat of fire. So that employees of the enterprise, students of educational institutions, visitors to any other places of mass crowds can quickly get out of the dangerous premises, an evacuation plan is being developed. It is manufactured in accordance with certain parameters regulated in accordance with GOST R 12.2.143-2002.
General requirements
An evacuation plan in case of fire should be located in any building, with the exception of a residential building, where more than 10 people can be on the same floor at the same time. This manual should be located in a prominent place in the room. In addition, fire safety rules indicate the need for a fire warning system in the building.
If we are talking about an object where more than 50 people can be simultaneously, then in addition to the evacuation plan, it is necessary to develop instructions for it. It describes a detailed list of actions that should be followed by the personnel responsible in this building for the evacuation of people.
There is also a local plan, which must be posted in each room of the hotel, hotel, hospital ward.
Making an evacuation plan
A quick and successful evacuation of people is ensured by a properly developed evacuation plan. The requirements for its design are also clearly spelled out in regulatory documents, they include the following instructions:
1. Dimensions. The floor evacuation plan must be at least 600 mm by 400 mm. The dimensions of its local counterpart should be 400 mm by 300 mm. These parameters can be increased. The final size is selected individually depending on the area of the room, the number of emergency exits, the purpose of the plan.
2. The font. Regardless of the background on which the layout of the future guide to evacuating people was made, the font of inscriptions and graphic images should be black. The height of the letters is at least 3 mm. Safety signs and symbols located on the plan should have a size of 8 to 15 mm. Within the same layout they are drawn at the same scale.
Graphic and text parts
To draw an evacuation plan according to the requirements of regulatory documents, the following elements should be visible in it:
- escape routes;
- emergency and emergency exits;
- locations of rescue equipment;
- location of fire fighting equipment (cranes, fire extinguishers, fire shield) ;
- Placement directly at the evacuation plan facility
- if the floor plan, it should be an indication of the floor.
The text part of the plan is a detailed description of the actions that people must take to leave the room as soon as possible. These instructions are supplemented by safety symbols and signs.
Sectional Plans
A sectional evacuation plan is developed in the following cases:
1. The floor area is more than 100 m2.
2. On the floor there are several limited evacuation exits, separated by a wall from other areas.
3. If on the floor there are sliding or revolving doors, turnstiles.
4. If it is possible to make only a long and difficult to understand escape route.
Sectional plans are located on the floor for which they are intended. Their second copies are included in the general or master plan for the entire building or structure, facility. Master plans are on duty.
Local plans
Local plans are designed for separately located rooms, such as hotel rooms, wards in hospitals, passenger cabin cabins. All changes made in the event of a change in the layout of the building, its reconstruction, transfer of emergency exits, should be immediately reflected in the plan.
Photoluminescent plans
These design-specific plans are used in cases specified by regulatory documents. The text and safety symbols on such mock-ups will be clearly distinguishable even with smoke and poor lighting conditions. This result is achieved through the use of a special self-adhesive film or photoluminescent plastic. These materials are absolutely safe, comply with standards for flammability, flammability and toxic substances. Photoluminescent evacuation plans use:
1. If the installation of emergency lighting is not provided for by the building structure.
2. To accelerate the evacuation and increase safety during its implementation in the presence of emergency lighting.
Even if photoluminescent evacuation plans are installed in the places of their placement, general natural or artificial lighting must still be provided that meets the following requirements:
1. On the surface of the plan should be present illumination of at least 25 lux
2. The time during which the plan will be covered should be at least 15 minutes.
Fulfillment of these conditions is necessary to activate the glow, therefore, periodic verification of sources of artificial or natural light is required to confirm their operability.
Development and execution of an evacuation plan is carried out by specialized organizations that must complete the layout in accordance with all fire safety rules. Only then can the life and health of people during a fire be saved thanks to the timely leaving of a place of fire and smoke.