Any entrepreneur is faced with a problem when his business machine begins to lose momentum and require additional investment. At this moment, the owner of the enterprise faces a choice - to listen to his production specialists and urgently purchase new machinery, equipment, build premises? Or listen to the advice of meticulous financiers and, first of all, do an analysis of the use of fixed assets, which will clearly show the need for additional investment?
Fixed assets (funds) of an enterprise or organization are tangible assets involved in the production process, having a useful life of more than one year, while maintaining their physical shape. In accounting, these capital investments are paid at historical cost and, over the life of their investments, are partially charged to the cost of production using depreciation.
Fixed assets of enterprises and organizations are divided into production, which are directly involved in creating the cost of production, and non-production - do not participate in production, but have important, for example, social significance.
Accounting and analysis of fixed assets allow you to compile a characteristic of the enterprise according to the following indicators:
- Provision of the enterprise and its divisions with basic production and non-production assets;
- The level of use by the enterprise of production and non-production fixed assets using private and general indicators;
- The dynamics of changes in fixed assets and the identification of its causes;
- Efficiency, profitability, share in the cost of production, and other indicators of economic efficiency of capital investments.
In order to conduct an analysis of the use of fixed assets, you need to collect information from the following sources of enterprise reporting:
- balance of execution of cost estimates;
- reports on the movement of fixed assets;
- inventory records;
- write-off acts;
- cost estimates;
- accounting cards and inventories of fixed assets;
- technical passports;
- materials of inspections and audits.
Analysis of the use of fixed assets of enterprises and organizations is based on the calculation of indicators characterizing their structure, level, dynamics of change, as well as the intensity of use:
- The average annual value of fixed assets - shows the level and dynamics of the security of an organization or enterprise with fixed assets.
- Depreciation coefficient - a general indicator, calculated by dividing the amount of depreciation by the initial cost.
- Shelf Life - reflects the condition of the means suitable for operation.
- Update rate - shows the intensity of capital investment.
- Retirement rate - reflects the rate of retirement of funds.
- Return on assets. This indicator reflects the efficiency of use of capital investments and is calculated by dividing the volume of marketable products (profit, revenue) by the average annual value of fixed assets.
- Capital-labor ratio - characterizes the security of the personnel of a given organization or enterprise with fixed assets.
- The degree of intensity of the use of capital capacities of the enterprise is characterized by the calculation of the coefficients of intensive, extensive and integral load.
Separately, it is worth mentioning non-productive funds, which play an important role related to improving the welfare of enterprise personnel. Additional investments in the construction and equipping of kindergartens, hospitals, residential buildings, stadiums have a positive effect on the material and cultural standard of living of employees, which ultimately has a positive effect on the growth rate of labor productivity, lower cost of production and financial results of the enterprise.
Analysis of the main economic indicators allows us to solve the problem of determining the degree of efficiency and intensity of use of machinery and equipment, the provision of premises, vehicles and other production facilities of the enterprise. On the other hand, an analysis of the use of fixed assets of enterprises and organizations makes it possible to identify hidden reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of funds, outline appropriate measures to improve the condition and safety, evaluate the correctness and validity of decommissioning of objects, determine the feasibility of further additional investments.