Age and sex structure of the population of Russia

The gender and age structure of the Russian population is a system in which citizens are divided into categories according to the number of years lived and gender. It is formed under the influence of the specifics of reproduction and migration processes. Let us further consider the characteristics of the gender and age structure of the Russian population.

General information

Sexual structure is the division of the population into men and women. In general, the number of the former is greater on the planet. Basically, this indicator is achieved at the expense of Asian countries. In them, for every thousand women there are 1,042 men. The reverse situation in Europe. The age structure is a system of separation of people depending on the number of years they have lived. A variety of classifications are used for measurement. For example, the oldest Chinese system distinguishes people:

1. Young - up to 20 years.
2. At the age of marriage - up to 30 liters.
3. Those in the period of performing public duties - up to 40 years.
4. At the age of cognition of their errors - up to 50 liters.
5. Stay in the last creative period - up to 60 years.
6. At the desired age - up to 70 liters.
7. Old - after 70 years.
   

Factors of gender and age structure of the population

The existing indicators today are the result of environmental, economic, socio-political processes. In the postwar years, intensive aging of the population was noted . The percentage of older people began to prevail in its composition. According to the UN classification, a country in which 7% of people over 65 live of the total number of citizens reside is considered old. The age and sex structure of the population was disrupted during the Great Patriotic War. At present, imbalances are somewhat smoothed out and appear only in groups consisting of citizens over 70 years of age. The ratio of women to men today is 53% to 47%, respectively. These imbalances adversely affect the reproduction process and hinder the normal creation of families.

Territorial sign

The age and sex structure of the population in urban areas differs from that observed in villages. This is confirmed by statistics. So, in urban settlements, the number of men under the age of 25 is greater than women of the same age. The situation in the village is different. Here, there are more men than women in all groups over 50. This is mainly due to the high prevalence of the latter at a young age in the indicator of population migration from rural areas to cities during the post-war years. In older groups, the number of women is greater than the number of men. At the same time, an increase in this imbalance is noted with age. Men after 70 in 2.3 in the city and 2.5 in the countryside are fewer than women.

Pyramids

The age and sex structure of the population is studied in dynamics. For this, the so-called pyramids are formed. Consider the specifics of their construction:

1. On the vertical axis, age is counted: one-, five- or ten-year-old groups.
2. The number of categories is displayed as rectangles. They are located one above the other to increase age. Male groups will be on the left, female groups on the right.
3. The area of ​​the rectangles determines the size of the composition. Instead of absolute indicators, relative values ​​can be used.

The value of the pyramids

Due to the graphical analysis, the changes to which the gender and age structure of the population is exposed are presented in relation to demographic processes. The pyramids allow you to visually see the level of influence of wars, a decrease in the birth rate relative to the number of individual groups in the form of "failures". Along with this, graphical schemes make it possible to study other structures (ethnic, for example, the state of the number of citizens in a marriage, etc.). In addition, future reproduction trends and likely prospects for changes in the number of women and men are determined.

The specifics of the diagram in the Russian Federation at the beginning of 2008

Analyzing the pyramid of gender and age structure, it can be noted that at birth the proportion of girls and boys is approximately the same. In older groups, imbalances are observed, and women predominate. The decline in fertility, as noted above, is presented in the form of depressions. Mortality leaves a mark on the pyramid only in the form of a violation of the proportion of the sexes and a change in the shape of the configuration. The first trend is observed only in the older groups. The numerical advantage of women is noticeable after 40 years.

Practical application of knowledge

An analysis of the relationship with reproduction is one of the most important aspects of using the information of age and gender pyramids. It is worth noting that this connection has been noticed for a long time. Back in the late 19th century. The Swedish demographer Sundberg began to use the concepts of stationary, progressive and regressive types of age structure. Today the following pattern is noted. The proportion of the elderly population is increasing, while the proportion of children is decreasing. This situation is currently observed all over the world. The growth of the retirement age population should be balanced by a sufficient replenishment of children and young groups. This is necessary not only to ensure sustainable reproduction, but also to maintain the number of able-bodied citizens. In this regard, a rule was formulated on the optimal population structure. The following correlation was proposed by the domestic demographer Urlanis: children - not less than 20%, elderly - not more than 15%, adults - not less than 65%. Such shares form the optimal composition of the population. In this case, favorable conditions are created for sustainable reproduction with a small increase.

Burden on able-bodied citizens

This concept is used in demographic and labor statistics. This load is determined by the ratio of the shares of the working and non-working population. The indicator will be considered optimal if the proportion of the former is twice as high as the number of the latter. In other words, the ratio should be 66-70% of working for 30-34% of non-working. Simply put, for every thousand "breadwinners" there should be no more than 500-600 "dependents". This ratio will provide the necessary quality of life for all generations.

Questions for control

After reviewing the information above, you can check how well it was learned. To do this, you can answer several questions:

1. What are the characteristics of the age and sex structure of the population.
2. What causes the imbalance?
3. What is the “burden on the working-age population”? What is its optimal indicator?
4. What are the characteristics of the sex and age structure of the population of Russia.
5. How do the shares of men and women correlate depending on the territory of residence?

Conclusion

Information on gender and age structure is obtained in the process of population censuses, special surveys and ongoing analysis of demographic events. All this information is necessary for the subsequent study of socio-economic processes in the country. Knowing the specifics of the population structure in a particular period, one can predict the level of mortality and fertility, the likelihood of problems in the socio-economic sphere, the demand for certain types of products or services.