Folk decorative art in our country is an organic part of folk culture. Poetic images, emotions inherent in him are dear and understandable to all people. It instills a sense of beauty, helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Based on long-standing artistic traditions, decorative art has a positive effect on the education of the person of the future. The works that are created by craftsmen from the people are a reflection of love for their native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the world.
The main varieties of decorative art
For many centuries, home production in peasant families, and starting from the 18th-19th centuries and handicrafts, supplied cities and villages with a variety of clay, wood and metal utensils, printed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, etc. The most famous was its brightness and cheerfulness Gorodets painting on wood, Dymkovo figures and whistles made of clay, Lukutin painted lacquer boxes. Each of these items is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - is of great interest in Russia and abroad.
Original crafts were available in the Far East, the Russian North, Siberia, and the Caucasus. Metal processing in Dagestan Kubachi, ceramic painting in Balkhar, and a notch on wood in silver Untsukul gained fame. Folk decorative art, the forms of which are very diverse, is represented in different parts of our vast country.
Vologda lace - folk decorative art
Vologda lace became popular in European capitals at the end of the 18th century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace in Russia is woven only in Vologda. In fact, Yelets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them have their own unique features. So, Mikhailovsky colored lace is very interesting. In our country, they have gained no less popularity than Vologda. Nevertheless, like hundreds of years ago, it is to Vologda that they go for a snow-white miracle.
Openwork carving
Openwork carving decorates objects made of small bone: boxes, caskets, pendants, brooches. A piece of folk decorative art - bone lace - is the name for openwork carving.
Three varieties of ornament in bone cutting were most widely used:
- Geometric - the plexus of straight and curved lines.
- Vegetable.
- Rocaille - stylization of the shape of a sea shell.
The technique of openwork carving is used to create compositions based on ornament and plot. The raw material is ordinary cow bone.
Thin work on openwork carving requires special tools: files, shtikhely, rivets, jigsaws.
Beadwork
Beadwork can be proud of a long history, as well as beads. The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt were the first to master the complex skill of weaving necklaces based on small colored glass beads, and also decorating their clothes. However, bead production really bloomed in the 10th century. For many years, the inhabitants of Venice carefully kept the secrets of craftsmanship. Wallets and purses, shoes, clothes, and other elegant things were decorated with luxurious beads.
When beads appeared in America, it replaced the traditional materials used by the natives. Here they were decorated with cradles, baskets, catkins, snuff boxes.
The peoples of the Far North were decorated with beaded high fur boots, fur coats, a deer harness, and hats.
Batik
Batik - do-it-yourself fabric painting using fixing compounds. The technique is based on the observation that rubber glue, paraffin, when applied to a fabric, do not pass paint through itself.
There are several varieties of batik - nodular, hot, shibori, cold.
The name "batik" is Indonesian, which means "draw", "hatch", "cover with drops."
This painting has been used since ancient times by the peoples of India and Indonesia. Batik came to Europe in the twentieth century.
Painting
The painting is one of the most ancient types of decorative art. For centuries, it has been an organic part of the original culture and life of the people. In the folk art of Russia, this type of decorative art is widespread.
Here are some varieties of painting:
- Zhostovo painting is a famous Russian craft that appeared in the village of Zhostovo in the 19th century, not far from Moscow. Belongs to the most popular crafts where Russian folk art is created. Famous Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Most often, flower bouquets are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a craft that appeared in the city of Gorodets in the middle of the 19th century. The painting is bright and concise. Her themes are horse figures, genre scenes, floral patterns. Decorated doors, shutters, furniture, spinning wheels.
- Khokhloma painting is one of the oldest folk crafts. It arose in the XVII century in Khokhloma, near Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting - decorative painting of wooden objects, made on a golden background in black, red, less often green. After drawing the picture, the product is coated with a special composition and three times processed in a furnace, which allows to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are rowan berries and red strawberries, branches and flowers. Often animals, fish and birds appear in the compositions, turning the original made into a true work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - so often called Khokhloma painting.
We will get acquainted with various handicrafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.
Dymkovo toy
The products of the Kirov masters impress with striking patterns, non-standard proportions and shape. All are delighted with smartly decorated, wonderfully decorated and painted lady franchises, ponies, roosters, goats. The first Dymkovo toys appeared in 1811. On the Vyatka festival, clay dolls with paintings were sold. Clay toys were made by the craftsmen of the village of Dymkovo. They did this with their families.
Now the factory producing Dymkovo toys works in Kirov.
Filimonovo toy
No less famous is the center of folk crafts in the village of Filimonovo near Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by craftsmen are distinguished by their bizarre form and great expressiveness. These are peasant women, mistresses, soldiers, cows, horse riders, rams. Filimonovo toys cannot be confused with others, as they bear their unique features in the form of sculpting and painting. They play with all the colors of the rainbow.
A child who sees a Filimonovo toy that has non-standard color and shape, wakes up the creative principle.
Kargopol toy
Kargopol is an ancient city whose inhabitants have long been engaged in pottery. Mostly they made dishes, however, some masters engaged in a clay toy. True, in 1930, fishing fell into decay. The restoration of the Kargopol workshops took place in 1967.
Kargopol toys look stricter against the backdrop of bright Dymkovo and Filimonov. The range of colors is brown, black and dark green. There are many funny images, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. These are peasant women, bearded men, dolls with spinning wheels.
Gzhel dishes
Not far from Moscow is the village of Gzhel. Since the 14th century, they have been engaged in pottery. Among the dishes made by the fermenters are plates and toys, which are painted with brown and yellowish-green colors for ceramics. Now, porcelain products produced in Gzhel are world famous. The reason for this is the uniqueness of form and pattern. Gzhel porcelain is distinguished by blue painting, made on a white background. True, blue is not homogeneous. If you look closely, you can find the subtlest shades and halftones, inspiring thoughts about the blue of the sky, river and lake water. In addition to dishes, Gzhel also produces toys and a small sculpture. Everything that the masters do is striking in the harmony of content and form. This is a real work of folk decorative art. Everyone wants to buy Gzhel.
Decorative art in kindergarten
The art of folk craftsmen is a property not only for adults. It is important for children who can enthusiastically play with dolls made of wood and clay toys of Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people arouses interest among the children in the originality of their ideas, imagery and colorfulness. It is understandable to children, as its content is simple and concise, but at the same time it reveals to the child the beauty of the world surrounding him. Here are beloved fairy-tale images of animals made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, more than once seen in life. Masters engaged in the manufacture of clay toys often paint their works with ornaments of geometric shapes: stripes, rings, circles. These drawings also find understanding in babies. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only decoration of the interior. Guided by an experienced teacher, the guys carefully look at them, doing their drawing and modeling based on samples of folk products.
Folk decorative art in kindergarten enters the lives of kids, giving them joy, broadening their horizons, exerting a positive influence on the artistic taste. In preschool educational institutions there should be a sufficient number of handicrafts. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Artworks are shown to children when talking about craftsmen. All such items must be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogy cabinet. They should be constantly replenished and distributed across the fisheries. Younger children need to purchase fun toys, turned wooden toys. Children of the middle group are better suited to Filimonovo and Kargopol. Children of older groups are available all kinds of folk toys, including clay and wooden.
Decorative modeling in kindergarten provides for the creation of dishes by children, various figures on the themes of folk toys. In addition, children can make small jewelry for dolls, souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers and sisters for the holiday on March 8.
Under the influence of classes with handicrafts, children are more deeply and interested in illustrations on the themes of Russian folk tales. Folk toys with a wealth of themes stimulate the child’s imagination during modeling, making his knowledge of the world that surrounds him richer. Classes using folk art as illustrations provide an opportunity to develop the mind of babies.
However, a positive effect from this is achieved only if the children are systematically and systematically acquainted with objects of decorative art. Based on the knowledge they create with their own hands decorative work. They are invited to reproduce a piece of folk decorative art (any). A photo, if the work itself is not available, will help the child imagine what he will draw or sculpt.
The desire of children to create beautiful objects is largely determined by the attention of the educator himself to these issues. He should have information about crafts, be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows what kind of craft this or that toy can be attributed to, and knows how to tell interestingly about the craftsmen making these toys, the children will be interested and they will have a desire to engage in creativity.
Fine Art in Junior
Folk decorative art in the design activities of younger schoolchildren allows children to return to the origins of folk culture, to spiritual heritage. In the modern world, the study of the wealth of national culture is the most important task of moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. The national soul is embodied in folk crafts, the historical memory of generations is awakened. It is impossible to educate a full-fledged personality, to develop its moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children, if conversations about creativity come down to abstract reasoning. After all, the works of craftsmen are an illustration of the best qualities of a national character: this is an awakening of respect for one’s own history and traditions, love for the motherland in general and for the place where it was born in particular, modesty, striving for beauty, a sense of harmony.
How to organize the educational process so that the love of the motherland is not just a beautiful phrase, but really corresponds to the inner essence of the younger generation? What can be done if there are no performances that reveal the theme of patriotism vividly and figuratively? In this issue, of course, an integrated approach is required. The tasks of moral and aesthetic education should be solved systematically.
In order for the child to understand what is at stake, it is proposed in the lesson to consider a work of folk decorative art (any). An example of such a work will help to understand the issue.
The modern era requires reference to the very sources of art. Keeping, enhancing folk art, developing its traditions are such difficult tasks facing teachers, educators, and artists.
Fine Art in High School
As they grow older, children begin to understand more and more what a work of folk decorative art is. Grade 6 also systematically studies this issue.
The work program for the study of fine art in grade 6 provides for three main varieties of creative activity:
- Fine work (painting, drawing).
- Decorative creativity (ornaments, murals, applications).
- Observation of the outside world (conversation).
These varieties allow children to become acquainted with the fields of artistic creation. Already in the course of acquaintance, it becomes clear how closely these areas are interconnected and how noticeably they complement each other in the process of solving the tasks set by the program. Each article of folk decorative art must be subjected to a detailed analysis. Grade 6 is the time for the development of artistic taste.
Fine art is taught at school in close connection with other subjects. It uses the knowledge gained as a result of studying literature, music, the Russian language, history, technology, biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of the lessons of fine art, their vital necessity. In the course of literature, a topic such as "The Work of Folk Decorative Art" is also studied. Composition (Grade 6) allows the student to demonstrate knowledge of the subject. Children appreciate it craftsmen. They must draw up a work plan and describe a piece of folk decorative art (any). 5-6 sentences for each item in the plan will be enough.
Folk decorative art and Russia
Both Tatarstan and other regions of Russia were affected by folk art. Tatar decorative art is bright and multifaceted. It has its roots in the old days of paganism - VII-VIII centuries. In the Kazan Khanate and the Volga Bulgaria, the development of art went in line with Islamic traditions. The leading direction was a variety of floral and plant ornaments. This type of pattern is widely manifested in various types of Tatar art. Ornaments adorn embroidery, leather mosaics, wood and stone carvings, ceramics, jewelry, calligraphy. Zoomorphic style was widespread in the products of the masters of Bulgaria in pagan times.
A feature of Russian decorative art is its mass character. In Russia, decorative art is most often anonymous. Gambs furniture and Faberge jewelry is the exception rather than the rule. Unnamed masters created masterpieces of painting, weaving, dishes and toys. .
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There were many icon-painting workshops throughout Russia. In Palekh, Ivanovo Region, the finest miniature painting has been developed on the plots of folk tales and songs on black lacquer. From Ancient Byzantium, the filigree art of cloisonné enamel, coinage, grains, niello, carved openwork on wood and bone came to us. In the 17th century, decorative art developed into developed art production. This is Rostov painted enamel, Nizhny Novgorod carving on the huts, silver blackening in Veliky Ustyug. The works of folk masters of decorative art decorated palaces and temples.
In Peter's times, Western European things came into fashion: upholstered furniture, faience. Since the 18th century, mirrors began to be widely used. MV Lomonosov mastered the art of producing glass, mirrors and mosaic smalt. Talented architects of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries developed designs for decorative interiors. Some architects of that era began their career with decoration work, for example, Rossi and Voronikhin. The imperial court and the highest nobility of Russia supplied private enterprises with numerous orders, which managed to reach the heights of excellence. Such enterprises include the Kuznetsov factories of earthenware and porcelain, Popovsky porcelain factory.
A study of folk art and folk crafts shows that the popularization of works of folk art in the best way affects both adults and children. It fosters an aesthetic taste, contributes to the emergence of spiritual needs, causes a sense of national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people whom nature has endowed with talent, imagination and kindness.