Dental implantation - the introduction of artificial support into the jaw tissue, which acts as a replacement for your own tooth. In modern dentistry, removable and non-removable dentures are widely used. Dental implants increase the dentist's ability to restore gaps in the dentition or the complete absence of units. They have a lot of different advantages in comparison with other types of prosthetics. Dentures help restore normal chewing, as they can withstand significant mechanical stress.
Features of the implantation procedure
In modern implantology, dental prosthetics with dental implants has become quite popular, despite the high cost of the procedure. They meet almost all the requirements, as they restore all the lost functions of the dentition and look like natural teeth. In addition, they do not cause absolutely any discomfort.
Dental implantation is a surgical operation in which an artificial tooth root is placed in the jawbone, and a crown is already placed on it, which imitates a natural tooth. The implant is a steel rod that has a diameter of 3-5 mm. Often it is made of zirconium oxide, titanium, and also leucosapphires and ceramics are used for this.
The materials used for the manufacture of dental implants are completely biocompatible with gum tissue, do not cause allergies and are practically not rejected by the body. The risks associated with the development of complications after the implantation procedure are minimal.
This type of prosthetics is used in case of significant tooth decay or its complete loss. With the correct manufacture of the implant and its subsequent installation, the artificial design will not cause any physical and psychological discomfort. She will take root very quickly and begin to feel like her own tooth.
Types of Implants
According to the classification of dental implants, they are divided into 2 main groups, namely intraosseous and extraosseous. Intraosseous structures are divided into the following types:
- root-shaped;
- lamellar;
- combined.
Root implants are widely used in modern dentistry and are a screw made of titanium. In its shape, it resembles the root of a tooth, so the whole structure is particularly durable, survives well and looks as natural as possible. To install it, you need a sufficient amount of your own bone tissue, and if it is not enough, then an additional operation is required to build it.
A plate implant is a plate on which a pin is attached. Due to its special shape, such a structure holds well even in a rather small amount of bone tissue. It is used when it is impossible to install a dental implant of the root type, as well as to restore the front teeth, as they do not withstand chewing load. In addition, such constructions take root much worse due to the fact that during the installation process a significant part of the bone tissue is damaged.
Combined dental implants are considered one of the most reliable and are used in case of severe bone atrophy, as well as with a large number of missing teeth. They are structures that are installed immediately at 3 points on the jaw.
In addition, there are extraosseous types of dental implants, which are used when it is impossible to use intraosseous structures. In particular, they are:
- subperiosteal;
- stabilization;
- intra mucous.
Subperiosteal implants are used for insufficient bone tissue, which is mainly found in older people. They are installed without additional surgery and are less traumatic, therefore they are quite firmly held and take root well.
Stabilizing implants preserve the natural root of the tooth, while it is somewhat lengthened due to the installation method. Similar constructions are used as a temporary measure, since a tooth without a nerve will have to be removed after a while due to its strong destruction.
Intra mucosal implants are inserted into the mucous membrane and the bone itself is not affected. They are small in size and resemble a mushroom in shape. They are used to attach complete removable dentures. Such designs are convenient and affordable.
Types of implantation
There are several types of dental implantation. Implant designs in each case are selected strictly individually. Among the main types of such a procedure, it is necessary to distinguish such as:
- classic
- instantaneous;
- basal
- mini implantation.
Classical implantation is characterized by the fact that the extraction of a problem tooth is performed initially, then you need to wait for the healing of the gums and restoration of bone tissue. Only after this is the implant installed, which takes root within 2-6 months. This technique is considered one of the most popular, as it allows you to restore the beauty and aesthetics of a smile, as well as restore the ability to chew food normally.
Immediate implantation implies the installation of an implant in the hole immediately after tooth extraction. This method has many advantages, since you do not need to wait 3-4 months before the bone tissue recovers and the hole heals. The implant is placed in a fresh hole remaining after tooth extraction, after which the space is filled with natural or artificial bone material to accelerate bone restoration. Then the structure is closed with a plug and left for 3-6 months for engraftment.
Immediate basal implantation is an express technique. To perform this procedure, one-piece implants are used, which are somewhat longer than the classic options and have a more aggressive thread. This makes it possible to more securely fix them in dense bone tissue.
For mini implantation, thin designs are used. However, they are unable to withstand significant loads, therefore, they are used only to maintain lightweight removable dentures.
The main advantages of the procedure
The dental implant system has various advantages, which include:
- long period of operation;
- high aesthetic qualities;
- no need to grind and pulp adjacent teeth.
When carrying out such a procedure, the patient does not have any vomiting, as well as pain and discomfort. Modern materials are quite high quality, durable and reliable, which is why you can consume any food without restrictions.
Rehabilitation of patients with dental implants is widely carried out, as they help to fully restore masticatory functions and normal diction. Reliable fastening of the structure ensures their stability for many years.
Indications for implantation
There are certain indications for prosthetics on dental implants, among which are:
- complete absence of teeth in one jaw;
- defects of the dentition;
- lack of one tooth;
- the occurrence of diseases of the digestive system as a result of poor chewing of food due to the absence of some teeth.
In addition, the indication for prosthetics is the inability for a person to use removable prostheses, as well as atrophy of the alveolar processes. It is worth noting that prostheses can only be installed for patients who have reached the age of 18 years, but not older than 65 years.
Contraindications for the procedure
Prosthetics on dental implants have certain contraindications, which must be taken into account. These include:
- bone deficiency;
- malignant tumors, chemotherapy;
- psychological illnesses;
- diabetes;
- pathology of the oral cavity;
- cardiovascular and endocrine diseases;
- pregnancy and breastfeeding.
All possible contraindications will be reported by the dentist, who will necessarily perform a number of procedures and studies before implantation. There are also some contraindications for the installation of a dental implant, which can be eliminated right before the procedure. These include:
- smoking;
- poor oral hygiene;
- periodontal disease;
- malocclusion;
- inflammation of the oral mucosa.
In any case, before the operation, you need to undergo an examination and consult a dentist, as this will avoid complications.
Preparation for prosthetics
Now the possibilities of patient rehabilitation with dental implants have expanded significantly, since there are many modern designs and techniques for performing such a procedure. Initially, the preparation phase is carried out. It implies an examination of the oral cavity, and on the basis of a tomogram or x-ray, the degree of suitability of the tissues for the operation, the condition of the sinuses of the jaw and temporomandibular joint are evaluated.
After choosing the implantation technique, the state of other organs and systems is diagnosed. Consultation with doctors of a different profile regarding the presence of contraindications for performing this operation is also required. After developing a treatment regimen and drawing up a contract, the dentist performs activities such as:
- professional toothbrushing;
- removal of teeth damaged by caries that cannot be restored;
- old orthopedic systems are removed.
This stage ends with the manufacture of a diagnostic model for a mold of the dentofacial system.
Surgical stage
Depending on the choice of prosthetics, surgery can be performed in one or several stages. Installation of a non-separable dental implant is carried out in the socket of the extracted tooth. If the procedure is performed in several stages, then initially the dentist after applying anesthesia models a box for the future prosthesis. The jaw bone is exposed along the crest, and then gradually begin to exfoliate the tissue and mark in the area intended for installation of the implant.
The dentist then prepares the canal in the jaw. The depth of the hole should correspond to the size of the intraosseous support segment of the prosthesis. To avoid complications during the installation of dental implants, the dentist must perform the preparation sequentially, using several types of drills of different sizes.
In the case of the use of combined or laminar types of prostheses, fissure drills are used to prepare and create a bed for the artificial structure. After the initial stage of prosthetics, the implant is installed. The screw structure is screwed, and the plate or cylindrical type is installed in a pre-prepared bed. To prevent tissue ingrowth into the prosthesis canal, a plug is installed at a subsequent stage.
The surgical stage ends with suturing the gums. After this, the stub is loosened using a microscopic incision in the gum, and then the former is installed, which is subsequently replaced by the implant abutment.
Orthopedic stage
Orthopedic treatment based on dental implants involves the production of a dental impression. Copies of natural teeth are made on finished prints, on the model of which a bridge or artificial crowns are prepared .
Post-procedure care and recovery
For better survival of the implant, it is imperative to provide proper care for the oral cavity. The engraftment takes about 2 months on the lower jaw and 3 months on the upper. During this period, a person must visit a dentist regularly, who will monitor the healing of tissues. With a constant mouth rinse with an antiseptic, the risks of implant rejection can be minimized.
In the postoperative period, treatment is carried out with the use of analgesics, antiseptics, and other medications. Immediately after the operation is completed, ice should be applied to the area where the intervention was performed, 6-7 times during the day. The ice should be kept for 20-25 minutes. Consumption of only mechanically sparing food is also required. When brushing your teeth, you only need to use a soft brush, and special care must be taken in the area of suturing.
Implant Patient Reviews
Reviews of many people after the installation of dental implants are mostly positive. Despite the fact that some people say that the procedure is expensive and there are certain limitations, the result is pleasing, since you can return not only the aesthetics of the smile, but also the chewing function. Modern designs are of very high quality, so it is almost impossible to distinguish them from natural teeth.
Dental implantation is becoming more and more popular every year, as it is an opportunity to recover lost teeth.