All moving technical devices, cars, construction equipment, water transport and many others. etc., are equipped with power plants of various characteristics. In most cases, these are internal combustion engines, quite powerful and efficient, have long established themselves as a reliable tool that provides motor functions of mechanisms.
General description of the unit
The page contains a photo of the engine with a description of the workflow. The image of the motor in the context allows you to get acquainted with the main components and details. At the bottom there is a crankcase with an oil pump, which drives the lubricant through special channels, starting from the crankshaft and ending with the timing chain. Arriving through the channels of the crankshaft, oil under pressure in four atmospheres lubricates sliding bearings or liners of the main and connecting rod necks of the crank mechanism. At the same time, the lubricant is sprayed, turns into an oil mist, which ensures the formation of a film on the cylinder mirror. Pistons slide freely, with virtually no friction. Each of them has from one to three oil scraper rings located above the main compression rings . The purpose of these rings is to remove excess oil and prevent it from entering the combustion chamber. Oil also flows into the upper part of the engine, where the gas distribution mechanism, cam shaft, cam followers and levers are lubricated. Another area of the lubrication system is gears and a double chain with tensioner. Here, oil is spread by gravity, rotating parts spray it. During the operation of the car, engine oil is contaminated with metal microparticles. Each machine has its own kilometer rate, after which it is necessary to replace the lubricant. If it is not possible to calculate the distance covered, it is necessary to periodically check the engine oil for transparency. In case of darkening, an urgent need to be replaced.
Description of the engine can begin with the principle of its action. Power plants of internal combustion are of two types: gasoline and diesel, the former working on the principle of expansion of gases obtained during the combustion of a combustible mixture ignited by an electric spark. The resulting pressure causes the piston to drop sharply to the lower point, the crank mechanism begins to rotate, thus, a duty cycle occurs. The most common number of cylinders is four, but there are six- and eight-cylinder engines. Sometimes the number of cylinders reaches sixteen, these motors are especially powerful, operate smoothly, and their performance is high. Such engines are installed on high-end automotive equipment.
The diesel engine works on the same principle, but the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber is ignited not by a spark, but by compression.
Internal combustion engines are divided into two and four stroke. The difference between these principles of action is significant. Motorcycle engines usually operate in push-pull mode, automotive almost all four-stroke.
Fuel mixture
The description of the gasoline engine should start from the moment when a portion of the combustible mixture has arrived from the carburetor or injector. In the combustion chamber of the cylinder, a peculiar cloud formed from a mixture of air with gasoline vapors. This is almost a ready-made combustible mixture, but it still needs to be compressed and ignited. Compression will occur under the action of a piston rising from below, and when it is at the top point, the car’s electrical system will spark, the mixture will ignite, a sharp increase in pressure will occur, and the piston will go down. In this case, the rotation energy arises, which is the driving force.
A car engine can have from three to sixteen pistons. Each of them performs its task and follows a strictly marked schedule that creates the timing, gas distribution mechanism of the machine. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of rotation of the crankshaft, which is ultimately transmitted to the wheels.
The description of the operation of the internal combustion engine in stages is as follows:
- suction of a combustible mixture (the piston goes down);
- compression and ignition of the combustible mixture (the piston is at top dead center);
- stroke (piston moves down);
- exhaust mixture discharge (piston moves up);
The main measures can be combined with additional accompanying processes of short duration.
Diesel engine description
Gasoline is a universal fuel that has a number of advantages, and its quality depends on the octane number obtained during processing. But the cost of this type of fuel is quite high. Therefore, in vehicles used diesel engines.
The description of the diesel engine working on diesel fuel, it is necessary to begin with a small prehistory about how this unit was created. In 1890, a German engineer Rudolf Diesel created and patented the first motor operating on the principle of compression of a combustible mixture. At first, the Diesel engine was not accepted for widespread use, since both the design and efficiency of the mechanism were inferior to steam engines. But after some time, Diesel engines began to be installed on river and sea vessels, where they proved to be quite good.
The main advantage of the new engine compared to the steam engine was that the coal-fired unit occupied half of the deck's underdeck space, and the second half was given up for coal reserves. The steam engine was served by a whole team of stokers and mechanics. And the diesel engine was compact, located along with the fuel tank only a few square meters. For its operation, only one mechanic was enough. Gradually, the diesel engine replaced the steam engine and became popular on all ships of the sea and river class. There was a need for mass production, which was soon established by the enterprising contemporaries of Rudolf Diesel with his direct participation.
The pistons of a diesel engine have a recess on the upper working part, which contributes to the occurrence of turbulence in the combustion chamber. For the engine to work, one condition is necessary - the combustible mixture must be hot. In the process of running an already running motor, heating occurs by itself. And to start the unit, even in warm times, you have to heat the system. For this, in each diesel engine special glow plugs are built.
Universal TSI Motor
Winner of the "Engine of the Year" award in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The most advanced motor of recent times. The TSI engine, the description of which may take more than one page, is one of the most efficient engines of our time. The principle of its operation is due to the use of dual fuel injection technologies and the presence of a compressor that ensures the delivery of a combustible mixture under pressure.
The TSI engine is a storehouse of the latest technology, but the unit needs careful maintenance. When servicing the motor, only high-quality consumables should be used, and its operation requires timely adjustments. The most important part of the TSI engine is a compressor equipped with a special gearbox that increases its speed to 17 thousand per minute, which ensures maximum boost pressure.
The TSI engine, the description of which would be incomplete without mentioning this significant drawback, heats up very slowly during the cold season. It is impossible to operate the machine with the TSI engine in cold weather; in the cabin for hours there may be minus temperature. And in the warm season it is an economical low-speed motor with excellent characteristics.
Volkswagen, engines
Since 2000, the German "people's car" has chosen engines manufactured using TSI technology as well as FSI for its production models. The German concern is today the only manufacturer in the world offering TSI and FSI motors as the main ones for almost all of its models. The description of Volkswagen engines, in particular the TSI engine, has already been done above. The characteristic is generalized, but quite informative.
It is better to start the description of the FSI engine with its traction characteristics, which range from 120-140 liters. from. The motor is economical, with a high resource. FSI (Fuel Stratified Injection) means "layered fuel injection".
The main difference between the FSI engine and other power plants is a dual-circuit low and high pressure system. The low pressure circuit includes a fuel tank, filter and fuel pump. The high pressure circuit is directly responsible for fuel injection. The principle of operation of the FSI motor is based on a strictly metered injection of fuel with a fuel pump. The dose is automatically adjusted using a low pressure sensor. The number of revolutions depends on the amount of fuel. The accelerator pedal is in principle not needed, although it is stored in the car.
Volkswagen FSI engine description can be supplemented with data on efficiency and high efficiency.
Motors "Opel"
German car manufacturers are constantly in a state of competition among themselves. Cars of the Opel brand are considered reliable and convenient. The popularity of models with a "lightning" on the hood is confirmed by consistently high sales. If the buyer is going to purchase an inexpensive, easy-to-maintain car, then he chooses the Opel. Engines, the description of which is included in the technical documentation of the car, are classified by model name. For example, the Opel Corsa is equipped with an Opel Corsa BC 1.2 16v Ecotec 3 motor. An Opel z19DTH ASTRA III 16v 150k motor is installed on an Astra car. But, along with this, there are a number of unified power plants that can be installed regardless of the index and name.
Factory in Tolyatti
Description of VAZ engines is not difficult - there are only two types. Motors for rear-wheel drive cars VAZ-2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106 and 2107 are four-cylinder units of approximately the same power and layout. And engines for front-wheel drive models VAZ-2108 and VAZ-2109 and their modifications.
All VAZ engines are quite reliable and unpretentious in operation. Adjustments to lead the ignition and valve clearances are quite accessible to the driver himself, for this you only need to know the scheme and sequence of actions. Engines are high speed and torquey. The resource is not too large, but overhaul with the replacement of piston rings and liners, main and connecting rod, is not a problem.
Description of Toyota engines
Motors of the famous Japanese manufacturer are compact, four-cylinder, mainly transverse, with very high characteristics. Gasoline injection engines that operate on the principle of direct injection. Four valves per cylinder make it possible to perfect the gas distribution process.
The efficiency of Toyota engines is widely known; moreover, the manufacturer is famous for its unprecedented low CO2 content in the exhaust gas exhaust. Serial motors are indicated by a set of capital Latin letters in combination with Arabic numerals. No names are added.
The resource of Toyota engines reaches 300 thousand kilometers, and even then a major overhaul is not needed, it is enough to release the dead piston rings and flush the cooling system. After a little preventive maintenance, the motor continues to work successfully.
BMW powerplant
The engine range of the German concern Bavaria Motor Werke is much broader than that of Japanese manufacturers. BMW's assets include in-line four- and six-cylinder engines, V-shaped “eights” and “tens”, there are also twelve-cylinder, especially powerful engines. Most BMW engines are produced in the DOHC and SOHC format.
Branded motors have repeatedly won prizes in the "Engine of the Year" competition, for example, the S85B50 brand received 11 prizes from 2005 to 2008.
BMW engines, the description of which is difficult due to the huge number of modifications, can be described as super-reliable, perfectly balanced units.
Engines of Zavolzhsky motor plant
The line of power units manufactured by ZMZ in the city of Zavolzhye looks rather modest. The plant produces only a few modifications of medium power. But at the same time, it is worth noting the impressive amount of manufactured products. The engine of the ZMZ-406 brand has already been released in a series of one and a half million copies. The motor is installed on GAZ cars of the Gorky Plant. Among them are Gazelle, Volga-3110 and Volga-3102.
What is a 406 engine? The description is given below.
The motor is produced with an injector under the designation 406-2.10 and runs on AI-92 gasoline. The carburetor version 406-1 is designed for gasoline with an octane rating of 76. Another carburetor engine, 406-3, runs on high-octane fuel, AI-95 gasoline. All 406 Series engines are equipped with BOSCH electronics and two ignition coils.
Repair of an internal combustion engine
The design of an automobile motor involves periodic preventive maintenance of individual components or overhaul of the entire unit as a whole. The engine consists of a cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons with compression and oil scraper rings, a cylinder head with a gas distribution mechanism, including a camshaft with a chain drive and valves.
When individual components or the entire engine are worn out, unsuitable parts are replaced. This process is called engine repair. A description of the restoration of the motor is given in the literature, with detailed instructions. Minor repairs can be done on their own, and more complex, requiring special equipment, it is better to carry out in a technical center.
When overhauling an internal combustion engine, you must first determine the degree of wear of the parts. This requires diagnostics. As a rule, when the oil pressure is reduced, the replacement of the crankshaft main bearings and the connecting rod bearings is required. If the necks of the crankshaft are worn, they should be bored to the repair size and install the appropriate liners. In the event that the cylinder mirror is worn out, new liners are pressed into the block or the old ones are bored to the repair size with the subsequent installation of new pistons and new rings. With a slight development, it is enough to simply change the rings, and compression will be restored. The same can be said of the already mentioned inserts. If the development of the necks of the crankshaft is negligible, then you can replace only the liners and not make a bore. In this case, the oil pressure is normalized, and the updated engine will be ready for operation.