Treatment of pathologies and damage to the soft tissues of the face, as well as manipulation of the teeth, is carried out using anesthesia, which greatly facilitates surgical intervention.
There are several different types of anesthesia on the upper jaw, which help significantly reduce the painful manifestations during medical procedures. Such a procedure is performed exclusively by the dentist and allows you to achieve the desired result in just a few minutes.
Infiltration Anesthesia
There are several different options for local anesthesia during dental procedures. These include infiltration anesthesia on the upper jaw, which implies the introduction of a special drug by injection. This medicine helps to saturate the desired tissue site and blocks the flow of nerve impulses. It is worth noting that the closer the needle is inserted to the nerve bundle, the faster the desired effect occurs.
Such a procedure is considered quite simple and safe. Modern anesthetics enable dentists to perform the required manipulations for 45-60 minutes without causing discomfort and pain. Indications for the use of infiltration anesthesia on the upper and lower jaw are:
- suturing;
- opening abscesses;
- tooth extraction or treatment;
- tumor removal;
- elimination of tooth defects.
To carry out this type of anesthesia, thin short needles are used, as well as certain medications. An absolute contraindication is the presence of individual intolerance to the drugs used.
The main types
There are several types of infiltration anesthesia in the upper jaw in dentistry. In particular, doctors distinguish a direct and indirect type of anesthesia. A direct type of anesthesia involves the introduction of a solution into the area where the manipulation is planned. A similar technique is used in facial surgery. Indirect type of analgesia involves the introduction of a solution at a small distance from the place of dental intervention. Depending on the area of ​​drug administration, several types of anesthesia on the upper jaw are distinguished, in particular, such as:
- submucosa;
- subperiostal;
- intrapulpral;
- spongy;
- intraligmentary.
Submucosal administration is the most common. Its peculiarity is that the injection is injected into the region of convergence of the palatine and alveolar bone. The subperiosteal view is characterized by the fact that it is used when it is necessary to obtain deep anesthesia. The drug is administered under the mucous membrane at the border of the gum parts.
Intraligmentation technique involves the introduction of a solution into the region of the periodontal gap. The duration of the injection is approximately 2 minutes, since the drug meets little resistance.
One of the most reliable types of infiltration method is considered intrapulpar. To perform this type of anesthesia, the dentist performs an autopsy of the pulp chamber. A big plus is the lack of leakage of the drug through the needle.
Technology
Before applying anesthesia on the upper jaw, it is imperative to process the skin. The introduction of anesthetic is carried out in layers. The procedure begins with an injection of the solution with a 2-cc syringe along the intended line of dissection of the tissues. Repeated administration is carried out using a 5 cc syringe through the infiltrated area. The drug covers soft tissues located outside the area of ​​surgical intervention.
The specialist performs the subsequent layer-by-layer saturation of tissues by introducing a creeping infiltrate. The accuracy of the execution technique minimizes trauma to the infiltration area.
Conduction Anesthesia
Conduction anesthesia on the upper jaw is rarely used, since it implies the introduction of an active drug into the nerve region. Such a technique is quite complicated, which is associated with a high density of blood vessels and structures, as well as very often complications occur, and there is a high probability of pain relief.
The teeth and mucous membrane of the jaw are penetrated by nerve endings, which is why conduction anesthesia in the upper jaw is aimed at affecting a particular nerve. Dentists distinguish several types of such anesthesia.
Infraorbial anesthesia
Infraorbital or infraorbital anesthesia is performed to block the infraorbital nerve branch, which is responsible for the sensitivity of the lower eyelids, upper lip, nose and partially cheek. Anesthesia is carried out by administering the drug to the exit site of the infraorbital nerve. For the introduction of an anesthetic, the intraoral and extraoral method is used.
Extraoral anesthesia implies that during the introduction, the index finger of the left hand is installed in the middle of the lower edge of the orbit to provide control of the depth of advancement of the pain medication. The introduction of the drug should be carried out in the area located near the nose.
With intraoral administration, the needle should be located between the central and lateral incisors. If all the manipulations were performed correctly, then a loss of sensitivity is observed in areas such as:
- teeth on the side of the manipulation;
- mucous membrane of the jaw;
- soft tissues associated with the infraorbital nerve.
Carrying out conduction anesthesia on the upper and lower jaw can be somewhat complicated by trauma to blood vessels, post-traumatic neuritis, the formation of a hematoma, as well as damage to the nerve by a needle.
Local anesthesia
Local anesthesia of the upper jaw can be performed in the sky. As a result of the introduction of anesthetic, a large palatine nerve is turned off. During the manipulation, the solution is delivered to the place where the nerve endings exit the bone.
To do this, the patient should open his mouth wide and throw his head back. The injection area is located about 5 mm from the edge of the hard palate next to the first or second molar. Previously, the injection site is lubricated with iodine, and then the drug is administered.
This type of anesthesia is characterized by the fact that there is rapid anesthesia of the palate. However, such a technique can provoke complications, in particular, such as a hematoma, vascular injury, as well as paresis of the soft palate.
Incisive anesthesia
Incisive analgesia is performed to provide temporary blockade of the nasopharyngeal nerve. The anesthesia area covers the mucosa of the fangs and incisors from the front. The technique for anesthesia of the front teeth of the upper jaw implies intraoral and extraoral administration of the drug.
With intraoral anesthesia, an injection is carried out at the base of the incisal papilla, which is located behind the incisors. In this case, 0.5 ml of the solution is introduced, and then the needle is slightly advanced upwards, approximately 10 mm, and then the rest of the agent is introduced. In the case of extraoral anesthesia, gauze swabs moistened with anesthetic are initially placed in the nasal passages. The injection is carried out in the nasal palatine cavity, located 2 cm down from the base of the nasal septum. On each side, 1 ml of solution is required.
Such a technique is quite dangerous, since various kinds of complications may arise. When injuring blood vessels, bleeding, the formation of hematomas, as well as damage to the nasopharyngeal nerve are observed. In addition, the introduction of the needle can be very painful, so this technique is poorly tolerated by the patient. This type of anesthesia is rarely used.
Tubal anesthesia
The nerve endings, which are responsible for the sensitivity of large molars, exit from several openings of the bone formation. For blockade of these nerves, tubular anesthesia is performed on the upper jaw. The technique of drug administration implies that the patient slightly opens his mouth so that his cheek can be pulled away with a spatula or a mirror. The needle is inserted all the way into the bone, and the injection point should be slightly below the transitional fold in the region of the second molar.
Tuberous anesthesia is used to anesthetize the upper molars and the mucosa, which belongs to this area. However, it is worth noting that when using this technique, there is a probability of damage to large and small blood vessels, since their high density is observed in this area. To prevent complications, the introduction of the needle should be carried out with the gradual admission of the drug to expand the vessels.
Stem anesthesia
A similar technique involves the introduction of an anesthetic into the cheekbones or base of the skull. When it is carried out, the trigeminal nerve is completely blocked.
Stem anesthesia in the upper jaw is rarely used in dentistry, mainly during surgery, in particular, with serious injuries of the jaw, the presence of neoplasms, as well as inflammatory processes that occur deep in the tissues.
Indications and features of anesthesia
Among the main indications for stem anesthesia, it is necessary to distinguish such as:
- jaw injuries ;
- purulent processes in bone tissue;
- malignant or large tumors.
Contraindication is only the presence of individual intolerance of drugs used for tissue analgesia. When conducting stem anesthesia, the drug is injected into the trigeminal nerve at the base of the skull, which makes it possible to achieve rapid numbness of the jaw. It allows you to fix the position of the mouth in the open position. Anesthesia begins to act literally 10-15 minutes after the administration of the drug.
Pros and cons of the technique
Stem anesthesia has certain pros and cons. Among the main advantages of its use can be distinguished such as:
- vast area of ​​pain relief;
- quick action;
- long acting;
- minimal risk of complications;
- quick recovery.
However, there are certain disadvantages, among which it is necessary to highlight the presence of allergies to the drugs used. In addition, a systemic reaction of the body to anesthetic and damage to nerve endings may occur.