Young scientists are not always familiar with the basic methods and technologies for organizing scientific research. They are not always able to correctly establish the relevance, focus, object and subject of research. This leads to overstatement of time and labor costs, which reduces the quality of scientific work. This article reveals the content and essence of scientific research, its relevance, the foundations of organization and methodology.
Concept and essence
Scientific research refers to the form of existence and development of science. In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 23, 1996 “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”, scientific and research work is defined as an activity that is aimed at obtaining and applying new knowledge.
Scientific research is understood as the process of studying, experimenting, testing theoretical opinions related to the acquisition of scientific knowledge. Not all knowledge can be considered scientific. It is impossible to recognize as scientific the knowledge that a person receives only on the basis of ordinary observation. They play a major role in the life of people, but they do not reveal the essence of phenomena, the connections between them, they are not able to explain why this phenomenon happens in one way or another.
The correctness of scientific knowledge can be determined not only by logic, but also by its mandatory verification in practice. Scientific knowledge is fundamentally different from blind faith, from unconditional recognition of this situation as real, without any rationale or practical verification.
By an object is meant a material or virtual system. The subject is the structure of the system, models for the cooperation of parts inside and outside the system, different quality characteristics, etc.
The indicators of the organization of research are characterized by the higher, the higher the scientific nature of the findings and generalizations revealed, the more reliable and productive they are. They should be the basis for new developments. One of the important conditions for conducting research is scientific synthesis, which allows you to establish a connection between phenomena and actions, as well as make scientific conclusions. The deeper these conclusions and conclusions, the higher the level of research.
Science is the basis ...
By science we mean a community of knowledge about existing patterns in nature and society. Science and the organization of scientific research is not only the totality of knowledge gained, but also the steps to obtain new, previously nonexistent information.
The following points are distinguished as features of science:
- science is aimed at understanding the essence of objects and actions;
- she operates in certain ways and forms, research tools;
- scientific knowledge is characterized by a planned, periodic, logical organization, reliability of the results of research work;
- science has specific methods for substantiating the truth of knowledge.
The basis of science is scientific activity. Organization of scientific activity and research are closely intertwined concepts. In this case, the goal of any analysis is a full-fledged, reliable study of an object, process, their structure, relationships and relationships based on the developed principles and methods, as well as obtaining and disseminating the results of research in practice.
Science is the main factor in ensuring the competitiveness of products and the prestige of the state in the world market, ahead of the development of other activities. Therefore, the leading states of the world devote significant attention to research work, spending significant funds on this.
Key Features
The main features of the organization of scientific research include:
- probabilistic nature of the outcome;
- originality, which limits the possibility of using standard solutions;
- difficulty and complexity;
- scale and complexity, which are based on the need to study a huge number of objects and experimentally verify the results;
- the relationship between research and practice, which intensifies as science becomes the main productive force of society.
Main goals
The purpose of the modern organization of scientific research is to identify a specific object and a full, reliable study of its structure, characteristics, relationships based on the developed principles and methods of cognition. As well as obtaining the required results.
Classification of forms
Studies are classified by type of relationship with production, by importance for the economy, by purpose, by sources of financial allocation, by duration.
In the first case, research is divided into works that have the following focus:
- creation of new technological activities, machines and structures;
- increase in production productivity;
- improvement of criteria and working conditions;
- the formation of human personality.
By appointment, there are three forms of organization of scientific research: fundamental, applied and search.
The first of them are aimed at detecting and analyzing new phenomena, parameters, laws and laws of nature, as well as at creating new scientific principles. Their goal is to expand the scientific knowledge of society in order to establish whether it can be applied in practice. Such studies, conducted on the border of the known and the unknown, have the greatest degree of uncertainty.
Search research is created on the basis of available theoretical work and is aimed at identifying the causes that affect the object, identifying likely methods for creating new technologies and ways based on capabilities.
As a result of the above two works, new information is created. The process of changing this information into a form suitable for use in sectors of the national economy is usually called development. It is focused on creating new equipment, materials, technologies or upgrading existing ones. The ultimate goal of development is the preparation of materials for applied research.
Applied research is aimed at identifying methods of applying the laws of nature to improve the available means and methods of human work. Their main goal is to find possible ways to use scientific knowledge acquired as a result of basic research in human practice.
Organization of
The scientific direction is understood as a science or a complex of sciences in which this research is carried out. There are technical, biological, social, physical, technical, historical and other areas and directions. Structurally, the organization of scientific research includes 5 main stages:
- the occurrence of difficulties and problems;
- putting forward the initial conjecture and hypothesis;
- theoretical research;
- testing in practice - conducting an experiment;
- formulation of conclusions and recommendations.
Thus, the process of organizing scientific research is the study of the phenomenon when using scientific methods and actions, the analysis of the impact on it of various causes, as well as the interaction of different phenomena in order to obtain benefits for science and practice with the maximum effect.
Main methods
One of the important features of scientific knowledge is the organization of scientific research and the introduction of specific research methods. A method is a unity of methods and methods of work, established rules. The study of methods of knowledge and practical work is the task of a special discipline - research methodology. In the methodology of scientific research, there are two levels of knowledge:
- empirical (observation and experience, grouping, systematization and description of experimental results);
- theoretical (selection of regular consequences from them, comparison of different hypotheses and theories).
The levels of organization of scientific and practical research differ in a number of characteristics:
- in the subject (empirical research is focused on phenomena, theoretical - in fact);
- by means and tools of knowledge;
- by research methods;
- by the nature of acquired knowledge.
At the same time, both types of research work are organically interconnected in a single structure.
Based on the universality of use, the following groups of organizations for conducting scientific research and their methods are distinguished:
- general scientific methods used in virtually all sciences;
- personal or special methods appropriate for certain areas of practice;
- methods representing techniques that have been developed to solve a particular difficulty and task.
General scientific methods are used in theoretical and empirical works. They include analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and modeling, logical and historical methods, abstraction and specification, system analysis, formalization, theory creation, etc.
Analysis is a method of organizing scientific research, which consists in studying the object by the way of its intellectual or practical division into constituent elements (parts of the object, its properties, characteristics, relationships).
Synthesis is a way of researching an object as a whole, in the unity and connection of its parts.
Induction is a method of organizing scientific research, in which a general conclusion about the signs of many elements is made on the basis of the study of these signs in some elements of the set.
Deduction is a way of logical thinking from the general to the particular, in other words, first the state of the object as a whole is examined, and then its components.
An analogy (comparison) is a way in which, based on the similarity of objects according to some characteristics, a conclusion is drawn about their similarity in other characteristics.
Modeling - the study of an object by creating and analyzing a copy of it.
The principal place in the research is taken by logical and historical methods.
The historical option allows you to study the appearance, formation and development of actions and events in chronological order in order to identify internal and external relationships, patterns and disagreements.
Abstraction is a way of abstracting from a number of parameters and relations of the phenomenon under study that are not significant for this study, while highlighting the main parameters and relations.
Concretization is a method of analyzing objects in all their universality, in the qualitative diversity of real existence.
System analysis is the study of an object as a set of parts that form a common system.
Formalization is a way of researching objects by representing their parts in the form of special characters, for example, representing industrial costs using a formula in which cost items are reflected using symbols.
In addition, other methods of scientific research have recently emerged, such as generalization (the formation of general parameters and characteristics of objects), systematization (division of all studied objects into certain groups in accordance with a certain attribute), statistical methods (determination of averages that characterize the whole set studied objects).
Specific scientific (private) research methods are special methods of specific sciences, for example, economic. These methods are created depending on the objective function. They are characterized by penetration into similar branches of science (for example, methods of financial study that were developed on the basis of accounting and statistics) that go beyond the boundaries of the field of knowledge where they were formed.
The basic empirical methods include: observation, experience, description (fixing information about objects with a natural or artificial option); measurement (comparison of objects according to any properties or characteristics). Within the empirical level of scientific knowledge, methods such as observation and experience are most often used.
Observation is a focused study of phenomena and actions without concrete intervention in their development, taking into account the objectives of scientific research. Usually, observation is used in situations where intervention in the process under investigation is not necessary or unrealistic. An experiment is a research method in which phenomena are investigated under controlled conditions. It is usually carried out on the basis of a theory or hypothesis, which determines the statement of the problem and the interpretation of the results.
The main task of the experiment is to check the theoretical positions (proof of the working hypothesis), as well as a more extensive and in-depth study of the topic. Depending on the specificity of behavior, several types of experiment are distinguished:
- qualitative (determination of the presence or absence of phenomena that were proposed by the hypothesis);
- measuring (quantitative) - determination of the numerical characteristics of a process, phenomenon;
- mental option;
- A socio-economic experiment is conducted to optimize management.
Basic principles
The principles of organization of scientific research are:
- The ordering of the social nature of the world. Almost all social phenomena are in a systemic relationship with each other, and some events follow a string in an ordered sequence that can be traced, described and even predicted.
- All actions have a specific reason in accordance with the principle of determinism.
- Saving arguments, which is crucial for summarizing data on higher levels of human behavior. It allows scientists to extrapolate certain data from specific to more general.
- At the heart of behavior and thinking is a basic reality that can be studied through scientific research.
For example, the basis of mental research is a postulate stating that a person by his own nature is an extremely difficult system, but still a system that can be understood and explained with the help of scientific tests and the optimal study of research. For the success of research, they must be correctly organized, planned and carried out in a certain sequence.
Management basics
The regulatory framework for the regulation of relations between subjects of scientific and scientific-technical work, government agencies and users of scientific and scientific-technical products is created by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 “On Science and the State Scientific and Technical Policy”
In accordance with this law, the state scientific and technical management policy of the organization of scientific research is carried out on the basis of the following basic principles:
- recognition of science as a socially important industry that determines the level of development of the country's productive forces;
- guarantees of the most important development of basic research;
- integration of scientific, technical and educational work on the basis of various forms of participation of employees, graduate students and students of higher educational institutions in scientific and engineering developments by creating educational and scientific complexes on the basis of universities, academies of sciences that have state status;
- support for competition and commercial work in the field of science and technology;
- development of scientific, technical and innovative work by creating a system of municipal research centers and other structures;
- focusing resources on the most important areas of science and technology;
- stimulation of scientific, technical and innovative work through a system of financial and other benefits.
Important directions of state policy in the field of science and technology development are:
- development of basic science, important applied research and development;
- improvement of state regulation in the field of development of science and technology;
- the formation of a state innovation system;
- increasing productivity using the results of scientific and technical work;
- preservation and development of the personnel potential of the scientific and technical complex;
- development of international scientific and technical cooperation.
In Russia, the management of scientific work is based on a combination of the principles of state regulation and self-government.
Research planning
The organization and planning of scientific research is essential to create their rational structure.
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Conclusion
Scientific research is the process of studying, testing, conceptualizing and testing a theory associated with the acquisition of scientific knowledge.
This concept, as a process, contains three main elements:
- purposeful human activity, in other words, practically the scientific work itself;
- subject of scientific work;
- means of scientific work.
Studies, depending on their purpose, degree of connection with nature, the depth and nature of scientific work, are divided into several main types: fundamental, applied, development.