Any language has its own territorial dialects. They can be explained by social stratification in society, the historical past of the people. Those modern languages that are now used are old territorial dialects. The maximum number of them is found in Russian, they are summarized in a variety of dialects. Dialectology, which is a special section of linguistics, is engaged in the study of monuments of oral and written language.
Social views
Nowadays, social and territorial dialects are distinguished. The social view involves a variation of the national language, which is used only by a separate social group.
In some cases, the term “jargon” is used to explain this phenomenon. For example, there are social dialects that are associated with the profession. Representatives of information technology use the "language" of IT people.
In the Middle Ages, they used the Offen language of peddlers. Social dialects are considered the result of social isolation, they have lexical language features.
Territorial views
Based on the name, territorial dialects have a different nature of restriction. They mean "talk" used by linguists to describe the oral form of the language, the use of which is characteristic of a particular territory. This part of the national language, which has certain phonetic, grammatical, lexical, syntactic features.
The territorial dialects of the Russian language are associated with the period of development of the ancient East Slavic tribes. Ukrainian and Belarusian languages are also represented by such dialects that appeared in the Old Russian period.
History reference
How are languages and territorial dialects related? They stand out among the non-literary varieties of the national language. In Russian, they formed during feudal fragmentation. In the last century, as the impact of the literary language increased, the process of their degradation intensified. Nowadays, there are not only oral territorial dialects, examples of expressions characterize their use in everyday communication. Increasingly, people use phrases whose meaning is clear only to a certain circle of people.
Territorial and social dialects differ from jargon by phonetics, syntax, and vocabulary.
Phonetic differences
Consider the territorial dialects. Examples of phonetic differences are associated with territorial attributes. For example, the Southern Great Russian dialect is characterized by Akan, the use of the soft “t” in third-person verbs.
In SVN, a sound is heard, a solid version of "t" in the verbs of 3 faces. Some dialects allow the replacement of "xv" with the sound "f". The dialecticisms and lexical features are most visible in dialects. In the Kaliningrad region, the inhabitants of the globe call the path, and in Ryazan it is the stitch.
The same vegetables sound differently in different places, as there are territorial dialects of the Russian language. Examples of such differences:
- Borcan and carrots;
- beetroot and beets;
- tebek and pumpkin;
- rutabaga, German, rodent.
Let us consider from a historical point of view territorial dialects. Examples of words that came into the language from the last century: know-it-all, children, tyrant, little boy.
The Importance of Studying Dialects
In order to get a complete picture of the multifaceted nature of the Russian language, it is important to analyze the processes of merging St. Petersburg and Moscow dialect.
From a social and psychological point of view, we note the need to establish contact with the speakers of the dialect. Only when considering all the methods for the formation of dialects, descriptions of the main expressions, we can conclude that the specificity of the Russian language depends on the territorial attribute.
Vernacular
Colloquial acts are a non-literary form of the national language. They are characterized by less defined, wider boundaries. The vernaculars are rightly called the urban mass language.
They do not have their own characteristics of system organization, are explained by the sum of various language forms that violate the classical norms of the literary language.
Vernacular is a laid-back, rude variety of spoken Russian. There is its development in two main directions.
One is due to ignorance of the features of the application of language norms. Colloquialism has typical differences in phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary.
For example, adverbs are used in a conversation: forever, yesterday, otsedova. Some incorrectly bow nouns: in the movie, on the piano.
Nowadays, vernaculars are being supplanted by the literary language, so they can only be found in older people.
Speaking specifics
A distinctive characteristic of vernacular is their emotionality. For example, you can hear such words: shy, an example, clothes, drape.
In the speech of the inhabitants there are commonly used words and various dialects. In fiction, they are used to convey the specifics of the territory that the author uses in his work.
Such words can be found in the novels of Bunin, Gogol, Pushkin, Nekrasov, and other writers. Dialect words that are used in works of art are called dialecticisms.
Examples
Each region, region of Russia has its own dialects. Here are a few examples:
Ayda - let's go.
Shabol - backpack, bag.
One - one, one.
Sgaybal - crumpled.
Drilling - talking.
Bulduzhka - chicken paw.
The guy is a young man.
Zhor is food.
Zyr - look.
Kotsi - scratch.
To strive is to be afraid.
Shkandybat - go.
To joke - to offend.
Dialect classification
In the twentieth century, detailed dialectological maps of the mother tongue were compiled; it was at that time that monographs of their division were published. In the Russian language there are two main dialects and one dialect:
- South Russian;
- North Russian;
- Central Russian dialect.
In addition to such a large unit, minor divisions are also distinguished. For example, Muscovites are characterized by "Akane", and for Vologda residents "Okane".
In the North Russian dialect, there are groups:
- Vologda;
- Ladoga-Tikhvin;
- Kostroma;
- interzonal;
- onega.
For each group, a lot of dialects, adverbs are distinguished. For example, the Tver, Pskov, Moscow, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir regions differ in the Central Russian dialect.
Linguistic characteristic
It includes vocalism, phonetics, syntax. The southern and northern dialects differ in their own dialectical features. In Central Russian dialects some features of the southern and northern dialects are combined.
In the dialects of the Russian language, six-form, five-form, and seven-form systems of vocalism are noted, as well as “hiccups”, “dipping” in the form of types of unstressed vocalism.
The main differences in the syntax are related to the use in the structure of various cases, a combination of nouns and prepositions, and the use of various forms of the verb. The difference is traced in the structure of simple sentences: the use of particles, permutation of words.
Finally
Currently, the Russian language is considered one of the richest in the world. Greatness is given to him by a wide vocabulary, versatility of words, unique word formation capabilities, many synonyms, stress mobility, harmonious and clear syntax, versatility of stylistic resources. Professionals distinguish national and literary Russian.
National speech covers all areas of speech activity of the people, regardless of upbringing, education, place of residence, professional activity. It contains jargons, special vocabulary, numerous dialects.
Rural residents who speak different dialects speak a literary language, are able to write, read, and know the cultural traditions and characteristics of their people. Often jargon is used in conversation without thinking about their true meaning.
A special role belongs to folklore. With the careful preservation of folk works, the transfer of Russian traditions, you can count on the respectful attitude of the younger generation to the national heritage.
In Russian schools, a regional component is being introduced, which is aimed at introducing students to the unique capabilities of national dialects. As part of such an additional course, Russian children have a real opportunity to understand the beauty of their native language and its distinctive features much more deeply.
The dialectal expressions that language is rich in can be an interesting topic for their own research work, a unique project.