The structure of secondary vocational education today plays a crucial role in the issue of training highly qualified workers.
The need for practitioners is increasing every day. At the same time, with the development of the economy and production, the requirements for their professionalism and skill level are regularly rising.
The shortage of personnel in working professions increases interest in specialists in secondary vocational education. Positions that were previously considered prestigious are now more and more in demand on the labor market. The issue of training in these areas is becoming relevant. In this regard, specialized educational institutions involved in the training of middle managers (colleges) still occupy a strong place in the system of Russian education.
State institutions of secondary vocational education currently carry out training in 280 different specialties. With the development and modification of production, this list is regularly growing and replenishing.
Types of colleges
Secondary vocational education can be implemented at two levels. Initial and elevated levels are distinguished.
Today in the Russian Federation there are two types of educational institutions involved in the training of specialists in the field of vocational education of the second level:
- technical school - the main type of educational institution where students have the opportunity to receive secondary vocational basic education;
- College - an institution of an advanced level, where teaching is carried out according to advanced programs (it may be a subordinate unit of a university or institute or an independent structure).
Primary vocational education, in turn, can be obtained in lyceums and vocational schools (vocational schools). These educational institutions have a different educational base.
A vocational lyceum differs from a college in a higher level of student training.
At the end of the educational institution with in-depth teaching, the graduate is assigned the qualification of “specialist”, and for students of lyceums and schools - “specialist of initial level”.
Primary vocational education
Secondary vocational institutions in the field of primary training include specialized lyceums and schools.
The number of institutions with basic education in our country is about 4 thousand today. They are visited by more than 1.5 million adolescents.
Citizens who have received vocational primary education have the right to continue their educational careers in higher educational institutions under reduced programs.
Also, if necessary, students can get a certificate of general secondary education. To do this, you must pass the state exam, on the basis of which an appropriate document is issued.
Graduates who have received secondary vocational education at the elementary level have the right to continue their educational careers in technical schools, colleges, and also in higher educational institutions.
Advanced vocational education
Those wishing to receive a secondary education of an advanced level should choose for admission not a lyceum, not a vocational school, but a college or technical school.
In Russia, there are more than 2.5 thousand colleges with in-depth study, which are attended by about 2.3 million students.
Secondary special educational institutions receive an increased level by introducing additional programs into educational standards:
- professional practice;
- in-depth study of individual subjects and disciplines;
- getting an additional specialty in parallel with the main one.
Education in higher educational institutions is as close as possible to university. Students here have a greater number of class hours than in primary schools, pass exams and tests, write term papers and dissertations.
For example, students who choose a building college, along with university graduates in the same direction, must take and defend qualification diploma projects related to specialized topics. The only difference is in the lowered requirements for students of secondary vocational schools. Therefore, secondary schools of a higher level can be considered the lowest level of higher professional education.
Often, colleges are a structural unit of the university and are under the authority of this institution. Students planning to continue their studies at institutions of higher professional education should pay attention to this fact. Having a diploma from such a college, graduates have the right to receive specialized education at the university under abbreviated programs. This is a great advantage, as it makes it possible to shorten the period of study at the university, as well as combine work and study.
Admission Terms
People who have received basic general or secondary general education may enter colleges. This item is one of the basic requirements.
Applicants to educational institutions of primary vocational education are exempted from passing the required entrance exams. For enrollment, the following documents must be submitted:
- original document on school education (9 or 11 classes);
- 4 photos (3 x 4);
- medical certificate;
- copies of passport and birth certificate;
- application to the director for admission.
In some cases, upon admission to certain specialties of secondary vocational education, if necessary, at the discretion of the educational institution, an interview is conducted with the candidate. Applicants may be asked to take written tests for aptitude and for the level of knowledge in school subjects. Similar requirements may be imposed if the number of people wishing to study in this specialty exceeds the number of budget places. In such a situation, the competition is based on the average mark of the certificate and the results of the tests passed.
Admission to institutions of secondary vocational education of an advanced level is carried out on a competitive basis on the basis of entrance exams.
One of the main requirements for loans is the availability of a license. Therefore, before submitting documents to both a state and a commercial institution, you should make sure that the institution has an appropriate document with the current validity period.
Students who need housing for the period of study are provided with a hostel.
Out of competition, the following categories of citizens are enrolled in colleges:
- orphans and children left without parental care;
- disabled children;
- persons of other categories whose preferential income is provided by the state.
With the development of modern information technologies, the process of submitting documents to secondary vocational schools is being modified and simplified. Many institutions are actively using Internet technology to receive applications. Application forms are posted on the official website of the educational institution.
This method is convenient for both the applicant and the members of the selection committee. In order to apply, you must fill out a questionnaire on the website of the institution. The decision to participate in the competition is made remotely. The applicant submits the originals of the documents after receiving a positive decision. Up to this point, his personal presence is optional.
Forms and duration of training
Secondary professional education can be obtained on the following forms of training:
- full-time;
- part-time (evening);
- correspondence.
The term for primary vocational education is from two to three years on the basis of nine classes and from one to two years after eleven classes. Dates directly depend on the educational institution and the chosen specialty.
The duration of secondary vocational education is also determined by the level of training of students. For applicants after nine classes, it is from three to four years. On the basis of eleven classes - from two to three years.
Application deadlines
Educational institutions have the right to set their own dates for the start of acceptance of documents. Typically, the commission begins to work in June, after the final exams (but no later than the 20th day), and accepts applications until the end of August (but no later than the 26th day).
It should be borne in mind that the deadlines for submitting for full-time and part-time, budgetary and contractual forms of training may vary.
Educational standards
As a rule, the standards of secondary vocational education consist of two parts. The first is a federal program approved by the Ministry of Education. This document is subject to change every year. General standards and requirements adopted in relation to colleges are required to comply with all institutions of secondary vocational education.
The second is a program approved at the regional level. Therefore, people studying in the same type of educational institutions can study different subjects and have a different number of class hours.
Advanced secondary education programs allow you to receive additional specialties on a budget or for a fee.
Upon completion of training, students are required to undergo state certification. After successful completion, graduates are qualified. In the case of a negative result, the student receives a certificate of attendance at the institution with an indication of the duration and number of class hours.
Persons who have not passed the final certification have the right to pass it the next year.
Financing
Students receiving secondary vocational education have the right to study at an educational institution for free.
Graduates of institutions who have received an entry-level diploma and decided to continue their educational career at colleges or technical schools can also apply for state funding.
Obtaining a second education in a technical school at the same level is only paid.
In addition, colleges, technical schools, lyceums and vocational schools in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia offer the possibility of contracted training on a commercial basis.
Students studying on a budget receive a scholarship in the prescribed manner.
Specialties of secondary vocational education
For those who decide to receive a humanitarian or technical education, specialties, the list of which is approved for educational institutions by the Ministry of Education, provide an opportunity to learn a worthy profession.
Secondary professional educational institutions conduct training in the following sectors:
- agriculture and fisheries;
- hotel and restaurant service;
- medicine and healthcare;
- fuel and energy sector;
- production of food, beverages and tobacco products;
- manufacturing of textile products;
- manufacturing of leather goods and shoes;
- woodworking;
- pulp and paper production;
- publishing and printing production, production of printed materials;
- petroleum products, gas and nuclear industry;
- chemical production;
- manufacture of electrical and optical equipment;
- machine manufacturing;
- manufacture of rubber and plastic products;
- metallurgy;
- transport production;
- furniture manufacturing;
- jewelry;
- making musical instruments;
- production of sports goods;
- recycling;
- other production;
- hotel and restaurant service;
- trade (wholesale and retail);
- logistics;
- construction;
- educational and pedagogical activity;
- medicine and healthcare;
- financial activities;
- Social sciencies;
- the property;
- natural Sciences;
- humanitarian sciences;
- Culture and art;
- economics and Management;
- Information Security;
- service;
- land management and geodesy;
- geology and minerals;
- aerospace and rocket and space technology;
- marine equipment;
- radio engineering;
- automation and control;
- computer science and computer engineering;
- timber processing;
- environmental protection and life safety.
The specialization of educational institutions is often associated with regional characteristics, the specifics of the economy and production in a particular region. In order to train qualified personnel, vocational guidance of educational institutions is carried out.
Vocational school, technical school or college - what should be preferred?
The choice of educational institution depends on your plans.
If after graduation you want to become a university student, the most suitable is a college with training in this specialty (for example, for subsequent admission to a construction university, you should choose a construction college; in order to further develop the profession of a doctor - a medical college and so on).
You will receive a highly skilled working specialty in a specialized technical school.
In secondary vocational schools, they also train middle-class intellectual workers - accountants, primary and secondary teachers, auditors, as well as specialists in many other areas.
If you want to get a specialty in a short time, the best choice will be secondary vocational education at the initial level.