Architecture - a branch of art aimed at the design and construction of buildings and structures. Construction is everything that is artificially created to fulfill the various needs of mankind. A building is an elevated structure that has an internal space and is intended for any activity or human residence. Other underground, surface and underwater structures are called engineering. They are needed to perform technical tasks: creating bridges, tunnels, roads.
This article is partly based on Vilchik's textbook on the architecture of buildings and structures.
So, the architecture contains several properties:
1. The material environment. In this sense it is used to meet the needs of society, that is: the construction of houses, enterprises, offices, educational and entertainment facilities.
2. Art. First of all, these are historical and modern buildings that have an emotional effect on a person.
Fundamentals of architecture of buildings and structures
When designing and creating buildings, several requirements must be observed:
- functional expediency;
- conformity of volume to social needs;
- comfortable filling the room with people;
- unobstructed evacuation;
- ensuring good visibility and audibility;
- the formation of aesthetic representations of people;
- harmony with the environment;
- technical feasibility and profitability.
All these aspects are important, but there is also the main requirement for the architecture of buildings and structures: to be useful and convenient.
Varieties of buildings
Classification of architecture of buildings and structures involves 3 types:
1. Civilians. These include residential and public buildings, the purpose of which is to serve the needs of people.
2. Industrial. These are structures in which industrial equipment is stored and labor activity takes place.
3. Agricultural. Buildings for keeping animals, growing crops, as well as storing products.
Residential and public buildings
1. Residential buildings. When designing them, special attention is paid to ventilation and insolation (i.e., exposure to sunlight). Based on this, they have windows, vents, exhaust ventilation with natural draft.
Residential buildings are classified according to length of stay at:
- long (apartment buildings);
- multi-unit sectional buildings (a set of end and ordinary sections);
- high-rise buildings of urban type (multi-section, corridor, gallery);
- manor houses.
- temporary (dormitories).
Dormitories are built for:
- students
- young professionals;
- young families.
The hostel has facilities for cultural, medical services and accommodation. A more detailed layout depends on the specific type of building.
2. Short-term (hotels).
3. Public buildings.
The architecture of public buildings and structures implies social services to the population. In addition, they accommodate various administrative units.
The architecture of civil buildings and structures is divided into several types depending on the purpose:
- trade (shops, shopping malls);
- educational (schools and kindergartens);
- administrative
- transport and communications (stations, television centers);
- medical and preventive (polyclinics, sanatoriums, hospitals);
- cultural and educational (theaters and museums).
Layout of settlements
The territory is divided into zones:
- residential (center, districts and housing estates);
- production;
- landscape and recreational (forests and parks).
Sanitary and fire safety standards (SNiP - 1.07.01-89 “Planning and development of urban and rural settlements") require compliance with the gaps - the distances between the ends of buildings and windows. There are also other types of civil buildings:
- Large-panel buildings are mounted from blanks of large planar parts of walls, ceilings and other structures.
- Frameless (with transverse and longitudinal bearing walls) are simpler in construction and are more often used in mass housing construction.
- Frame (consist of racks and crossbars) are mainly used for public buildings.
- Large-block (walls consist of large stones, blocks of expanded clay concrete or cellular concrete weighing up to 3 tons) of the building.
Industrial buildings
For the successful implementation of the architecture of industrial enterprises, buildings and structures, specific data on the features of the object are needed. Namely:
- geographical (climate, topographic survey of the territory, hydrogeological and engineering-geological data);
- technological (this is the main factor for making architectural, sanitary and engineering decisions):
- overall height of stationary equipment;
- amount of workers;
- information about intra-workshop transport;
- a plan for the placement of technological equipment;
- capabilities of the construction organization.
Such buildings are designed on the basis of standardized dimensional schemes (production facilities for various industries) and standard spans (placement of technologically related industries). Space-planning parameters:
Grid of columns - the sum of the distances between the columns in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
The architecture of industrial buildings and structures includes:
1. One-story buildings. This type of industry is most common. It is designed for work processes with horizontal production schemes, which involves the operation of large equipment. Are divided into:
a) frame (this is a system of columns that is associated with the coating) - the most common;
b) with an incomplete frame (there are supports: columns, brick pillars);
c) frameless with external bearing walls and bulges (pilasters);
d) tent buildings do not have external walls and vertical supports. The foundation is directly supported.
2. Multi-storey. Build for industrial buildings with a vertical technological scheme or those enterprises that use light equipment (food, light industry). There are complete and incomplete frame, with load-bearing walls.
Types of multi-storey buildings:
- production;
- laboratory;
- administrative household.
The enclosing parts of the coating of industrial structures may consist of:
- vapor barrier;
- sheet and roll roofing;
- bearing flooring;
- a protective layer of fine-grained gravel or sand with bitumen mastic;
- thermal insulation;
- cement or asphalt leveling screed.
Coatings are made of reinforced concrete ribbed slabs. They can be insulated or cold. It depends on the temperature of the room itself.
Agricultural buildings and structures
Such buildings are designed to serve various industries in this area. Their classification by purpose is as follows:
1. Livestock (cowsheds, stables, pigsties, shepherds).
These are large-sized buildings (more than 35 m). They are designed rectangular, without height difference and with unified spans of a specific direction. If the width of the building is not more than 27 meters, the roof is laid from corrugated asbestos-cement sheets. For large buildings use mastic or roll materials.
2. Poultry (incubators and poultry houses).
3. Cultivation (greenhouses and hotbeds, greenhouses). These are glazed buildings with artificially created climatic conditions. They allow you to grow vegetables, flowers and seedlings.
4. Warehouses (storage of grain and vegetables, a warehouse of mineral fertilizers). Vaults vary depending on the storage method:
These are rectangular unheated rooms without natural light and attics. They have frame or load-bearing walls.
5. For the repair of machinery and processing of agricultural products (mill, dryers for grain). Requirements for agricultural buildings:
- architectural (matching the appearance of the structural basis of the building);
- functional (full satisfaction of the purpose of the structure with full compliance with sanitary-hygienic and other standards of operation);
- technical (to create a building stable, durable and strong, with fire-resistant structural elements);
- economic (reduction of construction costs by reducing labor costs and time).
The main types of structures are summarized below.
1. Depending on the space-planning decisions:
- single-story (pavilion, interlocked with a large grid of columns);
- multi-storey (for poultry and livestock). The layout depends on the conditions of the animals. The buildings have natural light with an air heating system.
2. According to the features of the spatial arrangement of supporting structures:
- frame (frame and post-beam);
- with an incomplete frame;
- frameless (with external walls of stone or brick).
The most common agricultural buildings:
- glued wood frames;
- reinforced concrete with bezkrasochnym farms;
- with walls of lightweight concrete panels and cover plates;
- from metal-wooden farms and arches, as well as from reinforced concrete columns;
- with walls and coatings of metal sheets and insulated asbestos-cement panels.
Large-span buildings and structures
On the architecture of buildings and structures, the definition of wide-span buildings and structures is given. The textbook of N.P. Vilchik informs: this is a type of structure in which the overlap occurs only with long-span bearing structures (more than 35 meters). The architecture of large-span buildings and structures classifies buildings depending on the material into:
- metal;
- reinforced concrete;
- steel and concrete.
One-story buildings are most often used to equip heavy industry enterprises.
Benefits:
- uniformity of lighting;
- lower cost;
- profitable construction using soft soils.
Disadvantages:
- considerable expenses in the process of operation;
- heat loss due to space;
- large building area of the land.
The most economical sizes are spans from 10 to 30 meters. If necessary, it is possible to increase them to 50 meters.
When choosing the location of the machines and the grid of columns, it is necessary to take into account the turn of production vehicles. On average, this is a radius of 1.6 - 2.92 meters indoors and 2.5 - 5.44 meters outside.
The height inside the building is most dependent on the size of the crane (1.6-3.4 meters).
A textbook on the architecture of large-span buildings and structures also describes that it is very important to ensure sufficient air exchange for the design of a one-story building. This can be achieved with well-selected heaters and ventilation devices (baffles and windows).
Multistory large-span buildings have their own characteristics.
They are as follows:
- the top coating and floors are made of concrete or hollow stones;
- the frame is made of steel elements with an internal fire-resistant lining, as well as reinforced concrete structures;
- stairwells, end walls and frame structures take on wind loads ;
- brick cladding, covered with cement mortar with reinforced wire mesh, will provide fire protection to steel rolling profiles. Also for this purpose, you can use the device of the protective layer of shotcrete.
The main function of the load-bearing elements is the perception of loads.
There are 5 types of supporting active systems:
- In shape (arches and cables). These are curvilinear structures of tensile rigid or flexible elements.
- By vector. External loads are balanced by the internal forces of compression and tension, which appear in the rigid parts of spatial and flat lattices.
- By section (beams, panels, frames). Designs work mainly on bending. External loads are compensated by stresses that occur in cross sections.
- On the surface (folds and shells). The perception of external loads occurs due to stretching, compression and shear.
- In height (high-rise buildings of frame and barrel type).
This classification was compiled by Heino Engel, the author of building materials for students of educational institutions.
Priming
Speaking about the architecture of buildings and structures, it is impossible to get around the issue of designing the foundations. For this, soil or rock is used - soil. It is a system with many components, which has the property to change over time. Depending on its natural state, the soil is of two types:
1. Natural. It is able to withstand the load in its natural form.
2. Artificial. This is a material that is additionally compacted, since in its natural state it does not possess the necessary bearing capacity. Sediment - uniform change, deformation of the base of the building. Drawdown is an uneven change in the soil due to its compaction, deformation of the soil structure from various external loads.
It is categorically impossible to allow such phenomena as subsidence, because they entail rotations of the foundation, cause its destruction. Therefore, certain norms of precipitation are established. They range from 80 to 150 mm. The requirements for building foundations are as follows:
- good bearing capacity;
- low uniform compressibility;
- the absence of an increase in volume during freezing of moisture (such a process is called heaving);
- elimination of dissolution and erosion by groundwater;
- prevention of subsidence and landslides;
- lack of creep.
Soils are:
- sandy;
- large-detrital;
- clayey;
- bulk;
- loess;
- rocky.
Educational literature
There are many textbooks on the architecture of civil and industrial enterprises, buildings and structures. Here are some of them:
1. The textbook of N. P. Vilchik "Architecture of buildings and structures" contains general information about all types of buildings. Considers the design of civil, industrial and agricultural buildings, as well as their reconstruction. It was published in 2005 in accordance with the state educational standard of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Construction and operation of buildings and structures."
2. Textbook E. N. Belokonev "Fundamentals of the architecture of buildings and structures"
Contains brief information about the history, design of buildings and structures.
The architecture of large-span buildings and structures is considered in detail in the textbook of A. N. Zverev "Large-span structures of coatings of public and industrial buildings." Other benefits are also used:
- A. V. Demina, “Buildings with wide-span coatings."
- Yu. I. Kudishin, E.I. Belena, “Metal Structures."
- I. A. Shereshevsky, “Construction of civil buildings".
These textbooks on the architecture of buildings and structures are intended for college and university students in environmental and construction areas, as well as for construction companies and individual developers.
Forms of buildings
Geometry in the architecture of buildings and structures plays a very important role, because the reliability and durability of the entire structure directly depend on it.
The Egyptian pyramids are still considered the strongest in form.
It is the shape of the regular quadrangular pyramid that provides the greatest stability.
The girder system is the oldest in the geometry of architecture of buildings and structures. It consists of rod bearing parts, which can be located vertically (columns and poles) and horizontally (a special beam that works for lateral bending under the force of vertical loads).
The frame consists of columns and crossbars, which are connected by rigid horizontal disks and vertical ties.
The change in the architecture of buildings and structures takes place in the coordination of the project on reconstruction work. During their implementation, the transformation of materials and plastic of external elements is possible, as well as the creation and destruction of window and door openings, the installation of external technical equipment, glazing of loggias and balconies.
Reconstructive work is carried out in order to improve the performance of the premises.
The architecture of civil and industrial buildings and structures is associated with huge financial costs. They can be reduced in several ways:
- lightweight construction;
- optimal construction method;
- appropriate selection of materials.
Location of residential and industrial areas
Location requirements:
- windless side;
- location upstream of rivers and terrain;
- staying at least 50 meters apart from the industrial zone through the landscaped strip.
- the production area should be on the leeward side (with respect to the residential side ), downstream of the rivers and topography.
Activities in the field of architecture are carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Housing and Construction Policy. They relate to the composition of the architectural and planning assignment for the design and construction of buildings, structures and their complexes.
This task applies to documents that are the basis for obtaining a building permit. Helps to regulate and control investment construction and land use.
Grounds for issuing an architectural planning task:
- customer request;
- rationale for investments;
- decision of the executive authority;
- a set of documentation certifying ownership of the land.
The main task of the architecture of civil and industrial buildings and structures is the compactness of development, convenient communication with roads and other industrial complexes.