If the building has several floors, then there is definitely a staircase. In a private house, this is a means of combining floors, as well as an element of the interior, which can be ordered from a construction company or made independently.
Design selection
Installation of a wooden staircase begins with a choice of design features of the product. Today there are a great many of them, among them it is worth highlighting those that simple or elite stairs have. And in private homes, marching or classical, as well as spiral or screw systems, are usually installed. The first are a flat surface with steps that are located at an angle from 30 to 45 Λ. Such designs are angular or straight. Today they are the most common and most suitable for rooms where there is enough space for large-sized structures.
If you install a wooden staircase of this type, then you will get a structure that will be convenient to climb and descend, since the system corresponds to the biomechanics of human movements. To determine the size, it is necessary to measure the height of the wall and the floor length under the "shoe". Next, a rectangular triangle should be depicted, with the floor and wall acting as legs. Hypotenuse is a surface with steps. An ideal angle is 45 Λ.
Spiral or spiral are more complex, but spectacular staircases, which cannot but attract attention with originality. The load in such systems falls on the support, to which the steps are fixed. They are connected by a railing. Climbing such a ladder, you will walk around the axis. Such structures are most often installed in rooms with limited space.
The spiral system can be installed near the load-bearing wall or in the middle of the room. Despite this feature, the installation of such a ladder is carried out less frequently than the marching counterparts, since they are less convenient. When a person ascends it, his risk of injury increases. With a decrease in the opening for a screw structure, the staircase will be steeper. This nuance is important for those who plan to install the lift in a narrow room.
When choosing materials for the manufacture of railings, steps and supports, you should prefer metal and wood. It will be convenient to move along such a ladder if the central width of the step is made equal to 20 cm or more. The wide part will be 35-40 cm.
Technology of work
Before installing a wooden staircase, you should check and evaluate the surface of the ceiling for strength. Materials should be able to endure the load by 20% more than planned. Otherwise, you may encounter collapse of the supporting structures. This happens for several reasons. The first is the impressive mass of the stairs. The second factor is the wrong design. The cause of the collapse may be an insufficient number of fulcrum or load-bearing elements. Sometimes the materials are not so strong, and the floor is rather weak.
After you have decided on the type of stairs and selected a place for it, you should carry out the calculation of marches and other elements. This phase is called project creation. Materials are purchased in accordance with the calculations. Then you can begin to prepare the beams, they will make bowstrings and kosour.
Then you can make a markup and prepare for the installation of steps and risers. The next step will be the assembly of marches. The risers are attached to them, and then the steps themselves. Between marches there should be an intermediate platform. It can be a board shield, it can also be made from lumber.
When assembling a wooden staircase, in the next step you must install the marches, fixing them to the floor. It is necessary to use a transverse support beam. By overlapping, you need to strengthen the marches, and to use it is necessary to use bolts or anchors.
Now you need to start installing the fence. For this, balusters and intermediate stands are installed. The connection can be made in a groove or using metal studs. Now the outer posts should be installed, which are fixed to the main wall with anchors. Railings are attached in the next step. If the design involves the presence of jewelry, they must first be coated with an additional layer of varnish.
Step-by-step instruction with a description of the technology: tool preparation
To carry out the installation of the stairs, it is necessary to prepare the following tools:
- hammer;
- plane;
- hacksaw;
- level;
- clamps;
- screwdriver.
Necessarily need and screws. When designing, you will need to determine the number of steps. Experts recommend choosing an odd number. For adults, the railing is located at a height of 90 cm from the floor. For children, this value should be reduced to 60 cm. If the width of the stairs is more than 110 cm, handrails are installed on 2 sides.
Material cutting and assembly of load-bearing elements
When installing a wooden staircase to the second floor, you will need to carry out the cutting of the material. Quite a challenge is the manufacture of carved pillars and railings. Then how to cut the details you will be able to. On the beam of the bowstring, you should put marks in those places where you should make grooves under the steps. After checking the accuracy of the calculations using the manual milling cutter, you will need to make recesses. Bearing beams must have a cross section of 50 x 250 mm. The thickness of the step is 25 mm.
Installation of a wooden staircase to the second floor is accompanied by the installation of a bowstring or kosour. The article will consider the second option. It is more complex but reliable. To do this, take the beam and cut it so that the length is less than the length of the stairs by the thickness of the tread. Then openings are cut out where the steps will be located. To do this, use a pencil and a construction square. On the inner side of the kosour, perpendicular lines along the height of the approach and the width of the horizontal element should be noted. It is necessary to subtract 3 cm from this value. The excess should be removed with an electric saw.
The carrier beam is installed in place. If all the calculations were correct, then the lower side of the workpiece will rest against the floor, and the upper side will overlap. It will take 2 or more load-bearing elements, so you need to take another beam and make the same cuts. To simplify the process, you can use the first workpiece as a template. The product is then processed by a grinder, the edges must be milled and the beams connected from above from above and from below. To fix the latter, it is necessary to make gaps and strengthen the elements with bolted joints.
Installation of steps and railing
At the next stage, it is necessary to do the installation of the steps of the wooden stairs. The first will be installed vertical elements that are mounted on the front side of the kosour. Reliable fastening can be achieved using self-tapping screws, but you can also use special glue.
The following are prepared treads, which must be sanded and milled, and then strengthened to the base. If the supporting element is a bowstring, the horizontal parts of the steps must be installed in the grooves into which the adhesive is poured previously. Next, you can install the railing and balusters of the wooden stairs.
Intermediate elements, as a rule, are located at each stage, because in this way it is possible to provide reliable protection. Their fastening is carried out by long hairpins. The railings should go above. These elements can be made of any material. Instead of intermediate posts, partitions can be installed.
Installation of wooden steps on a concrete structure
You may be faced with the task of installing wooden steps on a concrete staircase. First you need to prepare the foundation. If the work was carried out by professionals, then the surface does not have significant defects. In this case, it will be necessary to level the surface using self-leveling mixtures. If there are noticeable changes in height, you should work first. To do this, mount a substrate under each step. It is made of plywood. This will protect the structure from mechanical damage and loads, in addition, the product will act as a shock absorber.
When installing a wooden staircase on a concrete structure, plywood sheets with a thickness of 1.5 cm should be purchased. Of these, workpieces with step sizes are cut . The surface is primed, wood glue is applied to pieces of plywood from the back. After that, the prepared elements are installed in place. The correct position of the substrates must be checked by the building level. The plywood is additionally attached. Glue for this will not be enough. Usually additionally used dowels. Their installation is carried out on both sides of the steps. The number of hardware you can determine yourself.
Recommendations for attaching "clothes" for the stairs
The installation instructions for a wooden staircase in the next step involves cutting treads and risers made of selected wood. Three holes must be drilled in the lower part of the riser, while deepening by 1.5 cm. The section of the hole to be made should not exceed 0.5 cm. The holes are located in the center of the riser and on both sides. Bolts that will serve as anchors must be screwed into the hole. Their ends should protrude 8 mm above the surface. The bolt caps are cut off by a grinder or bite off.
The riser is substituted for the first step. In this case, the place where the anchor will fall should be noted on the floor. Holes are drilled in the designated areas, which are then filled with epoxy. The riser must be installed in its intended place. This element is fixed to the plywood substrate with liquid nails. The plywood piece is smeared with an adhesive composition, and after it the riser is superimposed.
When installing the stairs in a wooden house, it is necessary to act by the same analogy. Some masters at the same time advise plywood and risers to be fixed with universal self-tapping screws or nails. But at the same time, you must ensure that the wood is not damaged, as well as plywood products.
At the next stage, you can proceed to install treads. To do this, a groove is cut in the material. It should be located at the docking point of the riser and tread. The riser joins the second end of the tread. Use for this is necessary self-tapping screws. The groove and plywood substrate are treated with an adhesive, after which you can install the first step. In order to ensure a good grip, it is necessary to install something heavy on top. Installation of the remaining steps is carried out according to the same principle. After the wooden steps are installed, it is necessary to close the gaps and grind the surface. After polishing, you need to treat the wood with a wood stain. After it dries, varnish should be applied to the steps.
Creating a wood frame
Mounting the stairs on a wooden frame provides for compliance with a given march height. The steps should have the same height, and the width of the lower board should be 10 cm. If you want to equip the underground with a door, on the boards you should outline the dimensions of the opening and cut the boards along the lines. If it was not possible to buy long boards, the lining can be completed with shorts, the length of which will be 90 cm. They are placed apart.
The manufacture and installation of wooden stairs is accompanied by the cutting of racks for risers. Their height should be determined by the height from ground level to the upper point of the riser. To do this, you can use a square bar with a side of 50 cm. If the porch has a railing, you can use boards 50 x 150 cm. This will ensure the strength of the structure.
At the next stage, you can make steps and risers, the length of which will be 1, 2 m. This value is equal to the width of the flight of stairs. The risers are made of 110 mm boards, the thickness of which will be 50 mm. The steps should be assembled from a grooved 50 mm board, which ultimately allows you to get a slab 350 x 1200 mm. There should be a groove on the back of the step. Its depth is 15 mm. The width of the groove should be equal to the thickness of the riser.
50 mm must be retreated from the front edge. Risers and steps are assembled at an angle. It is necessary to use screws for this. In the places where the racks pass, it is necessary to cut the grooves with the corresponding dimensions on the steps.
More about installing railings
After installing the racks, the railing is screwed to the structure. The ends of the struts of the march should be cut at an angle. To do this, twine is stretched between the tops of the racks. Then you need to outline the places of the cut and remove the excess parts. The rails should be fastened to the racks. In places of their transition from an inclined plane to the horizontal, it is necessary to ensure an overlap on the connection.
If the distance between the uprights is more than 15 cm, they are sewn with decorative details or a false uprights. When installing the railing of the wooden staircase, the balusters can be installed on the steps. In this case, they will need to be trimmed only from above. Balusters on the steps are seated with the help of hairpins or dowels. To do this, cut the holes in the steps. On the installed balusters there is a handrail, which is fixed with screws. After installing the railing of the wooden stairs, you can begin to paint the structure with varnish. It is applied in several layers, between which it is necessary to wait time until the material dries.
Finally
Many materials have been proposed for the manufacture of stairs, but wood is still considered one of the most reliable and popular. Wooden structures form a feeling of home comfort. In the process of work, one of the important points is accurate calculation, manufacturing according to technology and the correct installation of a wooden staircase with your own hands. It is also necessary to take a responsible approach to the choice of materials and tools, this will provide a good result and avoid problems in the future.